Turandot

Turandot

Libretto, 1926

Turandot (Italian pronunciation: [turanˈdo] or, prescribed, [turanˈdɔt] ; see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. Puccini died in 1924, and his opera was left unfinished. The music was completed by Franco Alfano and premiered on 25 April 1926, almost a year and a half after Puccini's death. The opera is set in China and follows the Prince Calaf, who falls in love with the cold-hearted Princess Turandot. In order to win her hand in marriage, a suitor must solve three riddles, with a wrong answer resulting in his execution. Calaf passes the test, but Turandot refuses to marry him. He offers her a way out: if she is able to guess his name before dawn the next day, he will accept death.

Origin and pronunciation of the name

Turandot

The title of the opera is derived from the Persian term Turāndokht (توراندخت, pronounced [tuːɾɒːnˈdoxt]; lit. 'daughter of Turan'), a name frequently given to Central Asian princesses in Persian poetry. Turan is a region of Central Asia that was once part of the Persian Empire. Dokht is a contraction of dokhtar (دختر, 'daughter'); in Persian, both the kh and t (خ and ت respectively) are pronounced.

Italian pronunciation dictionaries recommend pronouncing the final t. However, according to Puccini scholar Patrick Vincent Casali, the t is silent in the name of the opera and of its title character. Soprano Rosa Raisa, who created the title role, said that neither Puccini nor Arturo Toscanini, who conducted the first performances, ever pronounced the final t. Similarly, prominent Turandot Eva Turner did not pronounce the final t in television interviews. Casali maintains that the musical setting of many of Calaf's utterances of the name makes sounding the final t all but impossible.

Composition history

Turandot

The beginnings of Turandot can likely be found in Haft Peykar, a twelfth-century epic by the Persian poet Nizami. One of the stories in Haft Peykar features a Russian princess. In 1722, François Pétis de la Croix published his Les Mille et un jours (transl. The Thousand and One Days), a collection of stories which were purportedly taken from Middle Eastern folklore and mythologies. One of these stories, believed to be inspired by Nizami, features a cold princess named Turandokht. However, it has been speculated that many of de la Croix's 'translated' stories were his own original creations, with no actual basis in Middle Eastern cultures. De la Croix's story was adapted into a play, Turandot, by the Italian playwright Carlo Gozzi in 1762, which was then adapted by Friedrich Schiller into another play in 1801. It was Schiller's version that inspired Puccini to write the opera.

"In questa reggia" – quotation from the reduced score

Puccini began working on Turandot in March 1920 after meeting with librettists Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. In his impatience, he began composition in January 1921, before Adami and Simoni had produced the text for the libretto. As with Madama Butterfly, Puccini strove for a semblance of authenticity by using music from the region, even commissioning a set of thirteen custom-made gongs. Baron Edoardo Fassini-Camossi, the former Italian diplomat to China, gave Puccini a music box that played 4 Chinese melodies. Puccini incorporated three of these melodies into his opera, the most memorable of which is the folk melody "Mòlìhuā" (Chinese: 茉莉花, lit. 'Jasmine Flower'). "Mòlìhuā" serves as a leitmotif for Princess Turandot's splendor. In total, eight of the themes from Turandot appear to be based on traditional Chinese music and anthems.

By March 1924, Puccini had completed the opera up to the final duet. However, he was dissatisfied with the text of the final duet, and did not continue until 8 October, when he chose Adami's fourth version of the duet text. Two days later, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. Puccini seems to have had some inkling of the seriousness of his condition: before leaving for Brussels for treatment, he visited Arturo Toscanini and begged him, "Don't let my Turandot die." He died of a heart attack on 29 November 1924.

Completion of the score after Puccini's death

When Puccini died, the first two of the three acts were fully composed, including the orchestration. Puccini had composed and fully orchestrated Act Three up until Liù's death and funeral cortege. In the sense of finished music, this was the last music composed by Puccini. He left behind 36 pages of sketches on 23 sheets for the end of Turandot. Some sketches were in the form of "piano-vocal" or "short score", including vocal lines with "two to four staves of accompaniment with occasional notes on orchestration." These sketches provided music for some, but not all, of the final portion of the libretto.

Toscanini recommended that Riccardo Zandonai be engaged to finish the opera. Puccini's son Tonio objected, and eventually Franco Alfano was chosen to flesh out the sketches after Vincenzo Tommasini (who had completed Boito's Nerone after the composer's death) and Pietro Mascagni were rejected. Puccini's publisher Tito Ricordi II decided on Alfano because his opera La leggenda di Sakùntala resembled Turandot in its setting and heavy orchestration. Alfano provided a first version of the ending with a few passages of his own, and even a few sentences added to the libretto, which was not considered complete even by Puccini. After the severe criticisms by Ricordi and the conductor Arturo Toscanini, he was forced to write a second, strictly censored version that followed Puccini's sketches more closely, to the point where he did not set some of Adami's text to music because Puccini had not indicated how he wanted it to sound. Ricordi's real concern was not the quality of Alfano's work; he wanted the end of Turandot to sound as if it had been written by Puccini. Of this version, about three minutes were cut for performance by Toscanini, and it is this shortened version that is usually performed today.

Performance history

Turandot

The opera “Turandot” at the Landestheater in the city of Linz َAustria, February 2026

Turandot premiered at the La Scala opera house in Milan, Italy, on 25 April 1926, a year and five months after Puccini's death. Rosa Raisa played Turandot. Tenors Miguel Fleta and Franco Lo Giudice alternated in the role of Prince Calaf, with Fleta singing the role on opening night. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In the middle of Act III, the orchestra stopped playing. Toscanini turned to the audience and announced, "Qui finisce l'opera, perché a questo punto il maestro è mortocode: ita promoted to code: it " (transl. Here the opera ends, because at this point the maestro died). The curtain was then lowered. A reporter for La Stampa recorded the words slightly differently: "Qui finisce l'opera, rimasta incompiuta per la morte del povero Puccini" ("transl. Here the opera ends, left incomplete by the death of the poor Puccini"). Others have reported that Toscanini said, "Here, the Maestro laid down his pen." A newspaper report from 1926 states that Puccini asked Toscanini to stop the opera performance in the middle of Act III. The second and subsequent performances of the 1926 La Scala season included Alfano's ending.

Soon after its premiere in Milan, Turandot spread to other cities.

<table><thead><tr><th>City</th><th>Location</th><th>Date of first performance</th><th>Starring</th><th>Conductor</th><th>Other information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Milan, Italy</td><td>La Scala</td><td>25 April 1926</td><td>Rosa Raisa as Turandot Miguel Fleta and Franco Lo Giudice as Calaf (alternating)</td><td>Arturo Toscanini (premiere, and possibly second and third performances) Ettore Panizza (all performances after Toscanini's departure)</td><td>Sources disagree on which conductor led the second and third performances. Toscanini biographer Harvey Sachs claims that Toscanini conducted the second and third performances before withdrawing due to nervous exhaustion. Other authors believe that Toscanini left after the first performance.</td></tr><tr><td>Rome, Italy</td><td>Teatro Costanzi</td><td>29 April 1926</td><td>Bianca Scacciati as Turandot Francesco Merli as Calaf</td><td>Edoardo Vitale</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buenos Aires, Argentina</td><td>Teatro Colón</td><td>23 June 1926</td><td>Claudia Muzio as Turandot Giacomo Lauri Volpi as Calaf</td><td>Gino Marinuzzi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dresden, Germany</td><td>Staatsoper Dresden</td><td>6 September 1926</td><td>Anne Roselle as Turandot Richard Tauber as Calaf</td><td>Fritz Busch</td><td>Performed in German</td></tr><tr><td>Venice, Italy</td><td>La Fenice</td><td>9 September 1926</td><td>María Llácer-Casali as Turandot Antonio Bagnariol as Calaf</td><td>Gaetano Bavagnoli</td></tr><tr><td>Vienna, Austria</td><td>Vienna State Opera</td><td>14 October 1926</td><td>Lotte Lehmann as Turandot Leo Slezak as Calaf</td><td>Franz Schalk</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Berlin, Germany</td><td>Staatsoper Berlin</td><td>8 November 1926</td><td>Mafalda Salvatini as Turandot Carl Martin Öhman as Calaf</td><td>Bruno Walter</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>New York City, United States</td><td>Metropolitan Opera</td><td>16 November 1926</td><td>Maria Jeritza as Turandot Giacomo Lauri Volpi as Calaf</td><td>Tullio Serafin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brussels, Belgium</td><td>La Monnaie</td><td>17 December 1926</td><td>Jane Bonavia as Turandot Victor Verteneuil as Calaf</td><td>Corneille de Thoran</td><td>Performed in French.</td></tr><tr><td>Trieste, Italy</td><td>Teatro Verdi</td><td>22 December 1926</td><td>Linda Barla Ricci as Turandot Pedro Mirassou as Calaf</td><td>Gennaro Papi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Naples, Italy</td><td>Teatro di San Carlo</td><td>17 January 1927</td><td>Bianca Scacciati as Turandot Antonio Bagnariol as Calaf</td><td>Edoardo Vitale</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parma, Italy</td><td>Teatro Regio</td><td>12 February 1927</td><td>Elena Barrigar as Turandot Franco Lo Giudice as Calaf</td><td>Giuseppe Podestà</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bern, Switzerland</td><td>Bern Theatre</td><td>13 February 1927</td><td>Maria Nezádal as Turandot Peter Baust as Calaf</td><td>Dr. Albert Nef</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turin, Italy</td><td>Teatro Regio</td><td>17 March 1927</td><td>Linda Barla Ricci as Turandot Gennaro Barra-Caracciolo as Calaf</td><td>Gino Marinuzzi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Baltimore, Maryland, USA</td><td>Lyric Theatre Baltimore</td><td>18 April 1927</td><td>Florence Easton as Turandot Edward Johnson as Calaf</td><td>Tullio Serafin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Florence, Italy</td><td>Politeama Fiorentino</td><td>23 April 1927</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta, Georgia, USA</td><td>Municipal Auditorium</td><td>27 April 1927</td><td>Florence Easton as Turandot Edward Johnson as Calaf</td><td>Tullio Serafin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleveland, Ohio, USA</td><td>Public Auditorium</td><td>3 May 1927</td><td>Florence Easton as Turandot Armand Tokatyan as Calaf</td><td>Tullio Serafin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>London, United Kingdom</td><td>Covent Garden</td><td>8 June 1927</td><td>Bianca Scacciati as Turandot Francesco Merli as Calaf</td><td>Vincenzo Bellezza</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>San Francisco, United States</td><td>San Francisco Opera</td><td>19 September 1927</td><td>Anne Roselle as Turandot Armand Tokatyan as Calaf</td><td>Gaetano Merola</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bologna, Italy</td><td>Teatro Comunale di Bologna</td><td>29 October 1927</td><td>Linda Barla-Ricci as Turandot Antonio Melandri as Calaf</td><td>Gino Marinuzzi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Budapest, Hungary</td><td>Operaház</td><td>14 November 1927</td><td>Vilma Tihanyi as Turandot Székelyhidy Ferenc as Calaf</td><td>Nándor Rékai</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Baku, Azerbaijan (then Transcaucasian SFSR, Soviet Union)</td><td>Baku Opera</td><td>March 1928</td><td></td><td>Alexander Klibson</td><td>Performed in Russian(?).</td></tr><tr><td>Paris, France</td><td>Paris Opera</td><td>29 March 1928</td><td>Maryse Beaujon as Turandot Georges Thill as Calaf</td><td>Philippe Gaubert</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Verona, Italy</td><td>Verona Arena</td><td>28 July 1928</td><td>Anne Roselle as Turandot George Thill as Calaf</td><td>Alfredo Padovani</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>His Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne</td><td>9 June 1928</td><td>Giannina Arangi-Lombardi as Turandot Francesco Merli as Calaf</td><td>Gaetano Bavagnoli</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kyiv, Ukraine (then Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union)</td><td>Kyiv Opera</td><td>September 1928</td><td></td><td>Aleksander Orlov</td><td>Performed in Ukrainian.</td></tr><tr><td>Barcelona, Spain</td><td>Gran Teatre del Liceu</td><td>30 December 1928</td><td>Iva Pacetti as Turandot Antonio Melandri as Calaf</td><td>Alfredo Padovani</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Belgrade, Serbia</td><td>National Theatre</td><td>28 June 1930</td><td></td><td>Lovro von Matačić</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moscow, Russia (then Russian SFSR, Soviet Union)</td><td>Bolshoi Theatre</td><td>12 December 1931</td><td>Kseniya Derzhinskaya as Turandot Boris Evlakhov as Calaf</td><td>Lev Steinberg</td><td>Performed in Russian, translated by Pavel Antokolsky. 39 performances until 1934</td></tr></tbody></table>

For many years, the government of the People's Republic of China forbade performance of Turandot because they said it portrayed China and the Chinese unfavourably. Instead of a single nationwide decree against it, any attempts to produce it were not approved. In the late 1990s they relented, and in September 1998 the opera was performed for eight nights as Turandot at the Forbidden City, complete with opulent sets and soldiers from the People's Liberation Army as extras. It was an international collaboration, with director Zhang Yimou as choreographer and Zubin Mehta as conductor. The singing roles saw Giovanna Casolla, Audrey Stottler, and Sharon Sweet as Princess Turandot; Sergej Larin and Lando Bartolini as Calaf; and Barbara Frittoli, Cristina Gallardo-Domâs, and Barbara Hendricks as Liù.

The aria "Nessun dorma" has long been a staple of operatic recitals. Luciano Pavarotti popularised the piece beyond the opera world in the 1990s with his performance of it for the 1990 World Cup, which received a global audience. Both Pavarotti and Plácido Domingo released singles of the aria, with Pavarotti's reaching number 2 in the UK. The Three Tenors performed the aria at three subsequent World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama. Many crossover and pop artists have performed and recorded it and the aria has been used in the soundtracks of numerous films. Turandot is a staple of the standard operatic repertoire and it appears as number 17 on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas worldwide.

Alfano's and other versions

The debate over which version of the ending is better is still open. Alfano's original ending to the opera was first recorded (as part of an album with Josephine Barstow singing final scenes of several operas) by John Mauceri and Scottish Opera (with Josephine Barstow and Lando Bartolini as soloists) for Decca Records in 1990 to great acclaim. However, it may have been staged in Germany in the early years, since Ricordi had commissioned a German translation of the text and a number of scores were printed in Germany with the full final scene included. Alfano's second ending has been further redacted as well: Turandot's aria "Del primo pianto" was performed at the premiere but cut from the first complete recording; it was eventually restored to most performances of the opera.

From 1976 to 1988, the American composer Janet Maguire, convinced that the whole ending is coded in the sketches left by Puccini, composed a new ending, but this has never been performed. In 2001, Luciano Berio made a new completion sanctioned by Casa Ricordi and the Puccini estate, using Puccini's sketches but also expanding the musical language. It was subsequently performed in the Canary Islands and Amsterdam conducted by Riccardo Chailly, Los Angeles conducted by Kent Nagano, at the Salzburg Festival conducted by Valery Gergiev in August 2002. However, its reception was mixed.

In late 2007, Chinese composer Hao Weiya made another completion before the opening of National Centre for the Performing Arts, also resulting in a mixed reception.

In 2022, Deborah Burton "realised" a finale to Turandot that utilised several of Puccini's autograph sketches that had not been previously studied. Based on decades of analyzing Puccini's compositional style, her finale has not yet been produced, although some possible venues are in the offing. A description of her finale can be found in her article, "Puccini's Last Act: Finishing Turandot" (The Opera Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 1–60) and in her book The Finales of Turandot: Puccini's Last Act (Routledge, 2025).

In 2024, Washington National Opera premiered a newly commissioned ending by composer Christopher Tin and librettist Susan Soon He Stanton to very positive reviews. Michael Andor Brodeur of The Washington Post called the production 'refreshing' and declared "Even without the new ending — and Tin’s splendid musical additions, which draw sensibly from Puccini’s score while applying an entirely new emotional finish — Francesca Zambello’s "Turandot" crackles with fresh energy". Heidi Waleson of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the new ending "fits the opera neatly. Its sound and attitude, while contemporary, grow organically from Puccini’s original, like a savvy modern addition on a historic building."

In 2024, Opera Delaware premiered a newly commissioned completion by composer Derrick Wang, which was praised as "adept," "respectful," and "seamless."

Daniela Kerck made another version for the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in 2024, using exclusively music by Puccini, the unfinished opera followed by his 1905 Requiem antiphone. She identified Calaf with Puccini, and other characters with people from his life, beginning and ending the story in Puccini's library with a grand piano. In this version, when Liù has taken her life and the music by Puccini ends, the Puccini on stage receives a kiss of death from Turandot and dies.

Roles

Turandot

<table><thead><tr><th>Role</th><th>Voice type</th><th>Premiere cast, 25 April 1926 Conductor: Arturo Toscanini</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Princess Turandot</td><td>dramatic soprano</td><td>Rosa Raisa</td></tr><tr><td>The Emperor Altoum, her father</td><td>tenor</td><td>Francesco Dominici</td></tr><tr><td>Timur, the deposed King of Tartary</td><td>bass</td><td>Carlo Walter</td></tr><tr><td>The Unknown Prince (Calaf), his son</td><td>tenor</td><td>Miguel Fleta</td></tr><tr><td>Liù, a slave girl</td><td>soprano</td><td>Maria Zamboni</td></tr><tr><td>Ping, Lord Chancellor</td><td>baritone</td><td>Giacomo Rimini</td></tr><tr><td>Pang, Majordomo</td><td>tenor</td><td>Emilio Venturini</td></tr><tr><td>Pong, Head chef of the Imperial Kitchen</td><td>tenor</td><td>Giuseppe Nessi</td></tr><tr><td>A Mandarin</td><td>baritone</td><td>Aristide Baracchi</td></tr><tr><td>The Prince of Persia</td><td>tenor</td><td>Not named in the original program</td></tr><tr><td>The Executioner (Pu-Tin-Pao)</td><td>silent</td><td>Not named in the original program</td></tr><tr><td>Imperial guards, the executioner's men, boys, priests, mandarins, dignitaries, eight wise men, Turandot's handmaids, soldiers, standard-bearers, musicians, ghosts of suitors, crowd</td></tr></tbody></table>

Synopsis

Turandot

Place: Peking, China Time: Legendary times

Act 1

Anna May Wong as Princess Turandot in a 1937 dramatic adaptation of Gozzi's Turandot at the Westport Country Playhouse

In China, the beautiful Princess Turandot will marry only a suitor who can answer three riddles. A Mandarin announces the law of the land (Aria – "Popolo di Pechino!" – "People of Peking!"). The Prince of Persia has failed to answer the three riddles, and he is to be beheaded at the next rising moon. As the crowd surges towards the gates of the palace, the imperial guards brutally repulse them, causing a blind old man to be knocked to the ground. The old man's slave-girl, Liù, cries out for help. A young man hears her cry and recognises that the old man is his long-lost father, Timur, the deposed king of Tartary. The young Prince of Tartary is overjoyed at seeing Timur alive, but still urges Timur not to speak his name because he is afraid that the Chinese rulers, who have conquered Tartary, may kill or harm them. Timur then tells his son that, of all his servants, only Liù has remained faithful to him. When the Prince asks her why, she tells him that once, long ago in the palace, the Prince had smiled at her (Trio with chorus – The crowd, Liù, Prince of Tartary, Timur: "Indietro, cani!" – "Back, dogs!").

The moon rises, and the crowd's cries for blood dissolve into silence. The doomed Prince of Persia, who is on his way to be executed, is led before the crowd. The young Prince is so handsome and kind that the crowd and the Prince of Tartary decide that they want Turandot to act compassionately, and they beg Turandot to appear and spare his life (Aria – The crowd, Prince of Tartary: "O giovinetto!" – "O youth!"). She then appears, and with a single imperious gesture, orders the execution to continue. The Prince of Tartary, who has never seen Turandot before, falls immediately in love with her, and joyfully cries out Turandot's name three times, foreshadowing the riddles to come. Then the Prince of Persia cries out Turandot's name one final time, mirroring the Prince of Tartary. The crowd, horrified, screams out one final time and the Prince of Persia is beheaded.

"Non piangere, Liù", Alejandro Granda Relayza

The Prince of Tartary is dazzled by Turandot's beauty. He is about to rush towards the gong and to strike it three times – the symbolic gesture of whoever wishes to attempt to solve the riddles so that he can marry Turandot – when the ministers Ping, Pang, and Pong appear. They urge him cynically not to lose his head for Turandot and instead to go back to his own country ("Fermo, che fai?" "Stop, what are you doing?"). Timur urges his son to desist, and Liù, who is secretly in love with the Prince, pleads with him not to attempt to solve the riddles ("Signore, ascolta!" – "Lord, hear!"). Liù's words touch the Prince's heart. He begs Liù to make Timur's exile more bearable by not abandoning Timur if the Prince fails to answer the riddles ("Non piangere, Liù" – "Do not cry, Liù"). The three ministers, Timur, and Liù then try one last time to stop the Prince ("Ah! Per l'ultima volta!" – "Ah! For the last time!") from attempting to answer the riddles, but he refuses to heed their advice.

He calls Turandot's name three times, and each time Liù, Timur, and the ministers reply, "Death!" and the crowd declares, "We're already digging your grave!" Rushing to the gong that hangs in front of the palace, the Prince strikes it three times, declaring himself to be a suitor. From the palace balcony, Turandot accepts his challenge, as Ping, Pang, and Pong laugh at the Prince's foolishness.

Act 2

Il vasto piazzale della Reggia, set design for Turandot act 2 scene 2 (1924)

Scene 1: A pavilion in the imperial palace. Before sunrise

Ping, Pang, and Pong lament their place as ministers, poring over palace documents and presiding over endless rituals. They prepare themselves for either a wedding or a funeral (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ola, Pang!"). Ping suddenly longs for his country house in Honan, with its small lake surrounded by bamboo. Pong remembers his grove of forests near Tsiang, and Pang recalls his gardens near Kiu. The three share their fond memories of their lives away from the palace (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ho una casa nell'Honan" – "I have a house in Honan"). They turn their thoughts back to how they have been accompanying young princes to their deaths. As the palace trumpet sounds, the ministers ready themselves for another spectacle as they await the entrance of their Emperor.

"In questa reggia", Bianca Scacciati and Francesco Merli

The Emperor Altoum, father of Turandot, sits on his grand throne in his palace. Weary of having to judge his isolated daughter's sport, he urges the Prince to withdraw his challenge, but the Prince refuses (Aria – Altoum, the Prince: "Un giuramento atroce" – "An atrocious oath"). Turandot enters and explains ("In questa reggia" – "In this palace") that her ancestress of millennia past, Princess Lo-u-Ling, reigned over her kingdom "in silence and joy, resisting the harsh domination of men" until she was raped and murdered by an invading foreign prince. Turandot claims that Lo-u-Ling now lives in her and, out of revenge, Turandot has sworn never to let any man wed her. She warns the Prince to withdraw but again he refuses. The Princess presents her first riddle: "Straniero, ascolta!" – "What is born each night and dies each dawn?" The Prince correctly replies, Speranza – "Hope". The Princess, unnerved, presents her second riddle ("Guizza al pari di fiamma" – "What flickers red and warm like a flame, but is not fire?") The Prince thinks for a moment before replying, Sangue – "Blood". Turandot is shaken. The crowd cheers the Prince, provoking Turandot's anger. She presents her third riddle ("Gelo che ti da foco" – "What is ice which gives you fire and which your fire freezes still more?"). He proclaims, "It is Turandot! Turandot!"

The crowd cheers for the triumphant Prince. Turandot throws herself at her father's feet and pleads with him not to leave her to the Prince's mercy. The Emperor insists that an oath is sacred and that it is Turandot's duty to wed the Prince (Duet – Turandot, Altoum, the Prince: "Figlio del cielo"). She cries out in despair, "Will you take me by force? (Mi porterai con la forza?) The Prince stops her, saying that he has a riddle for her: "You do not know my name. Tell me my name before sunrise, and at dawn, I will die." Turandot accepts. The Emperor then declares that he hopes that he will be able to call the Prince his son when the sun next rises.

Act 3

In the distance, heralds call out Turandot's command: "Cosi comanda Turandot" – "This night, none shall sleep in Peking! The penalty for all will be death if the Prince's name is not discovered by morning." The Prince waits for dawn and anticipates his victory: "Nessun dorma" – "Let no one sleep!"

Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and offer the Prince women and riches if he will only give up Turandot ("Tu che guardi le stelle"), but he refuses. A group of soldiers then drag in Timur and Liù. They have been seen speaking to the Prince, so they must know his name. Turandot enters and orders Timur and Liù to speak. The Prince feigns ignorance, saying they know nothing. But when the guards begin to treat Timur harshly, Liù declares that she alone knows the Prince's name, but she will not reveal it.

Ping demands the Prince's name, and when Liù refuses to say it, she is tortured. Turandot is clearly taken aback by Liù's resolve and asks Liù who or what gave her such a strong resolve. Liù answers, "Princess, love!" ("Principessa, amore!"). Turandot demands that Ping tear the Prince's name from Liù, and Ping orders Liù to be tortured even more. Liù counters Turandot ("Tu che di gel sei cinta" – "You who are encircled by ice"), saying that Turandot too will learn the exquisite joy of being guided by caring and compassionate love. Having spoken, Liù seizes a dagger from a soldier's belt and stabs herself. As she staggers towards the Prince and falls dead, the crowd screams for her to speak the Prince's name. Since Timur is blind, he must be told about Liù's death, and he cries out in anguish.

When Timur warns that the gods will be offended by Liù's death, the crowd becomes subdued, very afraid and ashamed. The grieving Timur and the crowd follow Liù's body as it is carried away. Everybody departs, leaving the Prince and Turandot alone. He reproaches Turandot for her cruelty (Duet – The Prince, Turandot: "Principessa di morte" – "Princess of death"), then takes her in his arms and kisses her in spite of her resistance.

The Prince tries to persuade Turandot to love him. At first, she feels disgusted, but after he kisses her, she feels herself becoming more ardently desiring to be held and compassionately loved by him. She admits that ever since she met the Prince, she realised she both hated and loved him. She tells him to ask for nothing more and to leave, taking his mystery with him. The Prince, however, then reveals his name: "Calaf, son of Timur – Calaf, figlio di Timur", thereby placing his life in Turandot's hands. She can now destroy him if she wants (Duet – Turandot, Calaf: "Del primo pianto").

Turandot and Calaf approach the Emperor's throne. She declares that she knows the Prince's name: ("Diecimila anni al nostro Imperatore!") – "It is ... love!" The crowd sings and acclaims the two lovers ("O sole! Vita! Eternità").

Critical response

Turandot

While long recognised as the most tonally adventurous of Puccini's operas, Turandot has also been considered a flawed masterpiece, and some critics have been hostile toward it. Joseph Kerman states that "Nobody would deny that dramatic potential can be found in this tale. Puccini, however, did not find it; his music does nothing to rationalise the legend or illuminate the characters." Kerman also wrote that while Turandot is more "suave" musically than Puccini's earlier opera, Tosca, "dramatically it is a good deal more depraved."

Some of this criticism is possibly due to the standard Alfano ending (Alfano II), in which Liù's death is followed almost immediately by Calaf's "rough wooing" of Turandot, and the "bombastic" end to the opera. A later attempt at completing the opera was made, with the co-operation of the publishers, Ricordi, in 2002 by Luciano Berio. The Berio version is considered to overcome some of these criticisms, but critics such as Michael Tanner have failed to be wholly convinced by the new ending, noting that the criticism by the Puccini advocate Julian Budden still applies: "Nothing in the text of the final duet suggests that Calaf's love for Turandot amounts to anything more than a physical obsession: nor can the ingenuities of Simoni and Adami's text for 'Del primo pianto' convince us that the Princess's submission is any less hormonal."

Ashbrook and Powers consider it was an awareness of this problem – an inadequate buildup for Turandot's change of heart, combined with an overly successful treatment of the secondary character (Liù) – which contributed to Puccini's inability to complete the opera. Another alternative ending, written by Chinese composer Hao Weiya, has Calaf pursue Turandot but kiss her tenderly, not forcefully; and the lines beginning "Del primo pianto" (Of the first tears) are expanded into an aria where Turandot tells Calaf more fully about her change of heart.

Concerning the compelling believability of the self-sacrificial Liù character in contrast to the two mythic protagonists, biographers note echoes in Puccini's own life. He had had a servant named Doria, whom his wife accused of sexual relations with Puccini. The accusations escalated until Doria killed herself. In Turandot, Puccini lavished his attention on the familiar sufferings of Liù, as he had on his many previous suffering heroines. However, in the opinion of Father Owen Lee, Puccini was out of his element when it came to resolving the tale of his two allegorical protagonists. Finding himself completely outside his normal genre of verismo, he was incapable of completely grasping and resolving the necessary elements of the mythic, unable to "feel his way into the new, forbidding areas the myth opened up to him" – and thus unable to finish the opera in the two years before his unexpected death.

Instrumentation

Turandot

Turandot is scored for three flutes (the third doubling piccolo); two oboes; one cor anglais; two clarinets in B-flat; one bass clarinet in B-flat, two bassoons; one contrabassoon; two onstage alto saxophones in E-flat; four French horns in F; three trumpets in F; three tenor trombones; one contrabass trombone; six onstage trumpets in B-flat, three onstage trombones; and one onstage bass trombone; a percussion section with timpani, cymbals, gong, one triangle, one snare drum, one bass drum, one tam-tam, one glockenspiel, one xylophone, one bass xylophone, tubular bells, and tuned Chinese gongs; one onstage wood block; one onstage large gong; one celesta; one pipe organ; two harps; and strings.