List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty, ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.

The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Indian and Persian princesses.

During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.

Genealogy of the Mughal dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.

Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj in India.

Background

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.

• Shahryar Mirza (1627–1628) • Dawar Baksh (1627–1628) • Jahangir II (1719–1720)

List of Mughal emperors

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

<table><thead><tr><th>No.</th><th>Portrait</th><th>Titular Name</th><th>Birth Name</th><th>Birth</th><th>Reign</th><th>Death</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td>Babur بابر</td><td>Zahir ud-Din Muhammad ظهیر الدین محمد</td><td>14 February 1483 Andijan</td><td>21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 (4 years, 8 months and 5 days)</td><td>26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td>Humayun همایوں</td><td>Nasir ud-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد</td><td>6 March 1508 Kabul</td><td>26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 (9 years, 4 months and 21 days)22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (11 months and 5 days)</td><td>27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td></td><td>Akbar I اکبر</td><td>Jalal ud-Din Muhammad جلال الدین محمد</td><td>15 October 1542 Umerkot</td><td>11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (49 years, 8 months and 16 days)</td><td>27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td></td><td>Jahangir جهانگیر</td><td>Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد</td><td>31 August 1569 Agra</td><td>3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years, 11 months and 25 days)</td><td>28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td></td><td>Shah Jahan I شاه جهان</td><td>Shihab ud-Din Muhammad شهاب الدین محمد</td><td>5 January 1592 Lahore</td><td>19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years, 6 months and 12 days)</td><td>22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td></td><td>Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir I عالمگیر</td><td>Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد</td><td>3 November 1618 Dahod, Gujarat</td><td>31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years, 7 months and 3 days)</td><td>3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td></td><td>Azam Shah اعظم شاه</td><td>Qutb ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد</td><td>28 June 1653 Burhanpur</td><td>14 March – 20 June 1707 (3 months and 6 days)</td><td>20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td></td><td>Bahadur Shah I بهادر شاہShah Alam I شاه عالم اول</td><td>Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam مرزا محمد معظم</td><td>14 October 1643 Burhanpur</td><td>19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 8 months and 8 days)</td><td>27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td></td><td>Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاہ</td><td>Muiz ud-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد First Puppet emperor</td><td>9 May 1661 Deccan</td><td>27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (11 months and 15 days)</td><td>12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td></td><td>Farrukhsiyar فرخ سیر</td><td>Muin al-Din Muhammad معین الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha</td><td>20 August 1685 Aurangabad</td><td>11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 1 month and 15 days)</td><td>19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td></td><td>Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات</td><td>Shams al-Din Muhammad شمس الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha</td><td>1 December 1699</td><td>28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (3 months and 9 days)</td><td>6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td></td><td>Shah Jahan II شاہ جهان دوم</td><td>Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha</td><td>5 January 1696</td><td>6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (3 months and 11 days)</td><td>18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td></td><td>Muhammad Shah محمد شاه</td><td>Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha</td><td>7 August 1702 Ghazni</td><td>27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 6 months and 30 days)</td><td>26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td></td><td>Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بهادر</td><td>Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد</td><td>23 December 1725 Delhi</td><td>29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 1 month and 4 days)</td><td>1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td></td><td>Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم</td><td>Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد</td><td>6 June 1699 Burhanpur</td><td>3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 5 months and 26 days)</td><td>29 November 1759 (aged 60) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td></td><td>Shah Jahan III شاه جهان سوم</td><td>Muhi al-Millat محی الملت</td><td>1711</td><td>10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (10 months)</td><td>1772 (aged 60–61)</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td></td><td>Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم</td><td>Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر</td><td>25 June 1728 Delhi</td><td>10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 9 months and 21 days)</td><td>19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td></td><td>Shah Jahan IV جهان شاه چهارم</td><td>Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV  بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ </td><td>1749 Delhi</td><td>31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (2 months and 11 days)</td><td>1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td></td><td>Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم</td><td>Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر Puppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior</td><td>25 June 1728 Delhi</td><td>16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 1 month and 3 days)</td><td>19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td></td><td>Akbar Shah II اکبر شاه دوم</td><td>Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبر Puppet emperor under the East India Company</td><td>22 April 1760 Mukundpur</td><td>19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 10 months and 9 days)</td><td>28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td></td><td>Bahadur Shah II Zafar بهادر شاه ظفر</td><td>Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد</td><td>24 October 1775 Delhi</td><td>28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 11 months and 24 days)</td><td>7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon</td></tr></tbody></table>

Family tree of Mughal emperors

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

<table><thead><tr><th>Mughal family tree</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1. Babur (1526-1530)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. Humayun (1508 –1556)</td><td></td><td>Masuma Sultan Begum</td><td></td><td>Kamran Mirza (1512 –1557)</td><td></td><td>Gulchehra Begum</td><td></td><td>Askari Mirza (1518 –1557)</td><td></td><td>Hindal Mirza (1519 –1551)</td><td></td><td>Gulbadan Begum</td><td></td><td>Gulrukh Begum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. Akbar (1542 –1605)</td><td></td><td>Mirza Muhammad Hakim (1553 –1585)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. Jahangir (1569 –1627)</td><td></td><td>Shahzada Khanam</td><td></td><td>Shah Murad (1570- 1599)</td><td></td><td>Daniyal (1572- 1604)</td><td></td><td>Shakarunnisa Begum</td><td></td><td>Aram Banu Begum</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sultan Nisar Begum</td><td></td><td>Khusrau Mirza (1587 –1622)</td><td></td><td>Parvez (1590- 1626)</td><td></td><td>Bahar Banu Begum</td><td></td><td>5. Shah Jahan (1592 –1666)</td><td></td><td>Lizzat-un-nisa Begum</td><td></td><td>Jahandar</td><td></td><td>Shahrayar (1605 –1628)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Jahanara Begum</td><td></td><td>Dara Shikoh (1615- 1659)</td><td></td><td>Shah Shuja (1616-1661)</td><td></td><td>Roshanara Begum</td><td></td><td>6. Aurangzeb (1618 –1707)</td><td></td><td>Murad Baksh (1624 - 1661)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>7. Muhammad Azam Shah (1653 - 1707)</td><td></td><td>8. Bahadur Shah I Shah Alam I (1643 –1712)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Muhammad Akbar (1657- 1706)</td><td></td><td>Muhammad Kam Bakhsh (1667- 1709)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Azim-ush-Shan (1664 –1712)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Rafi-ush-Shan (1671 –1712)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9. Jahandar Shah (1661 –1713)</td><td></td><td>Khujista Akhtar (1673- 1712)</td><td></td><td>Neku Siyar (1679- 1723)</td><td></td><td>Muhi us-Sunnat (1690- 1747)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10. Farrukhsiyar (1683 –1719)</td><td></td><td>12. Shah Jahan II (1696 –1719)</td><td></td><td>11. Rafi'u-d-Darjat (1699 –1719)</td><td></td><td>Jahangir II (1703 –1746)</td><td></td><td>15. Alamgir II (1699 –1759)</td><td></td><td>13. Muhammad Shah (1702 –1748)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16. Shah Jahan III (1711- 1772)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>17. Shah Alam II (1728 –1806)</td><td></td><td>14. Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1725 –1775)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19. Akbar Shah II (1760 –1837)</td><td></td><td>18. Shah Jahan IV Bedar Bakht (1749- 1790)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20. Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1775 –1862)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Notes:</td></tr></tbody></table>