Demographics of London

Demographics of London

The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The 2021 population of London was 8,799,800.

History

Creation of Greater London: 1965

Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965.

Migration boom: 1991 to today

From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off-set the decline of the population which had been occurring. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.

In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census, indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of London's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group.

Population

Demographics of London

Population growth percentage in London between 2011 and 2021

Year	Pop.	±%
1801	1,011,157	—
1811	1,197,673	+18.4%
1821	1,450,122	+21.1%
1831	1,729,949	+19.3%
1841	1,917,013	+10.8%
1851	2,286,609	+19.3%
1861	3,094,391	+35.3%
1871	3,902,178	+26.1%
1881	4,709,960	+20.7%
1891	5,565,856	+18.2%
1901	6,226,494	+11.9%
1911	7,157,875	+15.0%
1921	7,553,526	+5.5%
1931	8,098,942	+7.2%
1941	7,987,936	−1.4%
1951	8,164,416	+2.2%
1961	7,781,342	−4.7%
1971	7,449,184	−4.3%
1981	6,608,513	−11.3%
1991	6,887,280	+4.2%
2001	7,172,036	+4.1%
2011	8,173,941	+14.0%
2021	8,799,800	+7.7%
Source:

The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows:

Age

London population pyramid from 1991 to 2021

• Population pyramid of each borough in London • Barking and Dagenham • Barnet • Bexley • Brent • Bromley • Camden • City of London • Croydon • Ealing • Enfield • Hackney • Greenwich • Harrow • Hammersmith and Fulham • Haringey • Hillingdon • Havering • Hounslow • Islington • Kensington and Chelsea • Kingston upon Thames • Lambeth • Lewisham • Merton • Newham • Redbridge • Richmond upon Thames • Southwark • Sutton • Waltham Forest • Tower Hamlets • Wandsworth • Westminster

• Percentage of the population in age groups • Under 15s in London • 15 to 64 year olds • Over 64 years old

Fertility

The fertility rate of each London borough, 2021

In 2023, 104,252 live births occurred within London. The fertility rate of London in 2023 was 1.35, which is below replacement.

London borough	TFR
Barking	2.00
Redbridge	1.77
Hillingdon	1.72
Havering	1.65
Croydon	1.63
Waltham Forest	1.63
Enfield	1.61
Harrow	1.61
Newham	1.60
Hounslow	1.58
Barnet	1.57
Brent	1.53
Bexley	1.51
Bromley	1.50
Sutton	1.49
Ealing	1.48
Merton	1.39
Greenwich	1.38
Haringey	1.33
Richmond upon Thames	1.30
Hackney	1.31
Lewisham	1.26
Kingston upon Thames	1.24
Wandsworth	1.14
Tower Hamlets	1.11
Kensington and Chelsea	1.10
Lambeth	1.09
Hammersmith	1.06
Southwark	1.06
Islington	1.01
Westminster	1.00
Camden	1.00

• Birth statistics in London • The teenage conception rate in London, 1998 to 2017

Population density

A map of Greater London's 2011 population density

The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011.

Urban and metropolitan area

At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251. This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but extends into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004, the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million.

Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union. The population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000. It occupies an area of 8,920 square kilometres (3,440 mi2). Another definition gives the 2007 population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000.

Ethnicity

Demographics of London

For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin, with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards and especially since the 1990s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate.

In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within London, establishing that London was a majority-minority city within the UK. In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken, and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.

Ethnicity overall

London's ethnic demographics, 1961 to 2021

The ethnic makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021

The ethnic makeup of London over time by age cohorts

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991–2021 censuses in Greater London.

Ethnic Group	Year
1961 estimations	1966 estimations	1971 estimations	1981 estimations	1991 census	2001 census	2011 census	2021 census
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	7,602,233	97.7%	–	95.9%	6,901,596	92.6%	5,893,973	86.6%	5,333,580	79.80%	5,103,203	71.15%	4,887,435	59.79%	4,731,172	53.8%
White: British	–	–	–	–	6,500,000	87%	–	–	–	–	4,287,861	59.79%	3,669,284	44.89%	3,239,281	36.8%
White: Irish	–	–	–	3.6%	401,596	5.4%	–	–	256,470	3.83%	220,488	3.07%	175,974	2.15%	156,333	1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8,196	0.10%	7,031	0.1%
White: Gypsy	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	37,689	0.4%
White: Other	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	594,854	8.29%	1,033,981	12.65%	1,290,838	14.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total	–	–	–	1.5%	–	–	425,426	6.3%	690,031	10.33%	946,894	13.20%	1,511,546	18.49%	1,817,640	20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	–	–	–	–	–	–	232,881	3.4%	347,091	5.19%	436,993	6.09%	542,857	6.64%	656,272	7.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	–	–	–	–	–	–	59,440	0.9%	87,816	1.31%	142,749	1.99%	223,797	2.74%	290,549	3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	–	–	–	–	–	–	41,792	0.6%	85,738	1.28%	153,893	2.15%	222,127	2.72%	322,054	3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese	–	–	–	–	–	–	35,938	0.5%	56,579	0.84%	80,201	1.12%	124,250	1.52%	147,520	1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian	–	–	–	–	–	–	55,375	0.8%	112,807	1.68%	133,058	1.86%	398,515	4.88%	401,245	4.6%
Black or Black British: Total	–	–	–	2.6%	–	–	405,394	6%	535,216	8.01%	782,849	10.92%	1,088,640	13.32%	1,188,370	13.5%
Black or Black British: African	–	–	–	0.6%	–	–	102,230	1.5%	163,635	2.44%	378,933	5.28%	573,931	7.02%	697,054	7.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	–	–	–	2%	–	–	239,956	3.5%	290,968	4.35%	343,567	4.79%	344,597	4.22%	345,405	3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black	–	–	–	–	–	–	63,208	0.9%	80,613	1.20%	60,349	0.84%	170,112	2.08%	145,911	1.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	226,111	3.15%	405,279	4.96%	505,775	5.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	70,928	0.99%	119,425	1.46%	132,555	1.5%
Mixed: White and Black African	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	34,182	0.48%	65,479	0.80%	77,341	0.9%
Mixed: White and Asian	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	59,944	0.84%	101,500	1.24%	125,188	1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	61,057	0.85%	118,875	1.45%	170,691	1.9%
Other: Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	80,793	1.2%	120,872	1.81%	113,034	1.58%	281,041	3.44%	556,768	6.3%
Other: Arab	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	106,020	1.30%	139,791	1.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	113,034	1.58%	175,021	2.14%	416,977	4.7%
Non-White: Total	179,109	2.3%	–	4.1%	547,588	7.4%	911,626	13.4%	1,346,119	20.2%	2,068,888	28.85%	3,286,506	40.2%	4,068,553	46.2%
Total	7,781,342	100%	–	100%	7,449,184	100%	6,805,599	100%	6,679,699	100.00%	7,172,091	100.00%	8,173,941	100.00%	8,799,725	100%

Population pyramid of London by ethnicity in 2021

• Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London • White: Total • White British • White Irish • White Other • Asian: Total • Asian Bangladeshi • Asian Indian • Asian Pakistani • Asian Chinese • Other Asian • Black: Total • Black: Caribbean • Black: African • Other Black • Mixed: Total • Other: Total • Other: Any other ethnic group • Other: Arabs

• School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year • White: Total • White: British

• Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021 • White (49.6% including Not stated) • White: British (24.9% including Not stated) • Asian (22.1%) • Black (12.2%) • Mixed (11.3%)

Ethnicity in boroughs

This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.

Detailed Race and Ethnicity by borough (2021 Census)

• White multi-ethnic group over time • 1991 (79.8%) • 2001 (71.2%) • 2011 (59.8%) • 2021 (53.8%)

• Asian multi-ethnic group over time • 1991 (10.3%) • 2001 (13.2%) • 2011 (18.5%) • 2021 (20.8%)

• Black multi-ethnic group over time • 1991 (8%) • 2001 (10.9%) • 2011 (13.3%) • 2021 (13.5%)

Country of birth

Demographics of London

Foreign born within London, from 1851 to 2021

Foreign born in London by age, 1991 to 2021

The 2021 UK born and foreign born population pyramid in London. Males and females representing the UK born population, while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.

Foreign born and UK born percentage of age groups in London

The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born, including 27.9% born in a non-European country.

NOTE: The sub-categories included for each continent may not add up to their respective total amount because the sub categories are only supposed to show the most numerous country of birth from said area.

• Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images) • 1901 (5% overall including Irish born) • 1911 (5% overall including Irish born) • 1921 (4% overall including Irish born) • 1931 (5% overall including Irish born) • 1951 (8% overall including Irish born)

• Foreign born in London over time • 1961 (9.8%) • 1971 (15.3%) • 1981 (18.2%) • 1991 (21.7%) • 2001 (27.1%) • 2011 (36.7%) • 2021 (40.7%)

Region of birth of mother	1969	1990	2001	2006	2011	2016	2021
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
United Kingdom	80,796	68.6%	72,108	68.2%	59,104	56.7%	57,376	47.5%	57,450	43.2%	53,866	41.8%	47,958	43.2%
Foreign born	36,993	31.4%	33,594	31.8%	45,058	43.3%	63,522	52.5%	75,383	56.7%	74,923	58.2%	62,986	56.8%
EU					6,977	6.7%	11,309	9.4%	18,402	13.8%	22,573	17.5%	18,365	16.5%
Rest of Europe					3,380	3.2%	4,090	3.4%	4,160	3.1%	5,382	4.2%	5,933	5.3%
Middle East and Asia					13,489	13%	18,206	15%	25,478	19.2%	24,235	18.8%	21,394	19.2%
Africa					13,600	13.1%	20,043	16.6%	19,866	15%	15,600	12.1%	10,725	9.7%
Rest of the world					7,612	7.3%	9,874	8.2%	7,477	5.6%	7,133	5.5%	6,569	5.9%
Total	117,789	100%	105,702	100%	104,162	100%	120,898	100%	132,843	100%	128,803	100%	110,961	100%

• Born to foreign born mothers • 2007 • 2014 • 2021

• Population pyramids of country of birth groupings in 2021 • UK born • Foreign born: Total

Country of birth by borough

This table shows country of birth by London borough according to 2021 census:

Languages

Demographics of London

The percentage of London's population whose main language is English, 2021

In the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language. A further 1,406,912 (19.8%) spoke it as a second language, or well to very well. 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all.

2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language. This shows great challenges for TfL and other government services. For example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish, etc.

The most common main languages spoken in Greater London in the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below.

Main language

2011	2021
Language	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
English	6,083,420	77.90%	6,650,973	78.40%
Romanian	39,653	0.50%	159,338	1.90%
Spanish	71,192	0.90%	117,457	1.40%
Polish	147,816	1.90%	112,068	1.30%
Bengali	114,267	1.50%	101,975	1.20%
Portuguese	71,525	0.90%	94,205	1.10%
Gujarati	101,676	1.30%	82,610	1.00%
Italian	49,484	0.60%	81,293	1.00%
Punjabi	68,525	0.90%	74,205	0.90%
Arabic	70,602	0.90%	72,102	0.80%
Tamil	70,565	0.90%	70,673	0.80%
Turkish	71,242	0.90%	69,641	0.80%
French	84,191	1.10%	67,049	0.80%
Urdu	78,667	1.00%	63,626	0.80%
Bulgarian			47,648	0.60%
Persian	39,645	0.50%	39,233	0.50%
Somali	54,852	0.70%	37,346	0.40%
Malayalam	26,924	0.30%	36,015	0.40%
Russian	26,603	0.30%	31,906	0.40%
Lithuanian	35,341	0.50%	30,768	0.40%
German	31,306	0.40%	19,074	0.20%
Other	441,968	5.66%

Proficiency in English

Language proficiency	London (aged 3 and over)
2011	2021
Number	%	Number	%
Main language is English	6,083,420	77.9%	6,650,973	78.4%
Main language is not English	1,726,522	22.1%	1,831,690	21.6%
Can speak English very well	763,502	9.8%	840,463	9.9%
Can speak English well	643,410	8.2%	636,226	7.5%
Cannot speak English well	271,693	3.5%	303,265	3.6%
Cannot speak English	47,917	0.6%	51,736	0.6%
Total	7,809,942	100%	8,482,663	100%

Religion

Demographics of London

The religious identity of Londoners, in single year age groups, 2021

In 2001, Christians were the majority of London's population, at 58.23%. In 2021, the Christian percentage was 40.66%. The population identifying with no religion rose from 15.76% in 2001, to 27.05% in 2021. This shift suggests a growing trend of secularization in London.

The Muslim population increased from 8.46% in 2001, to 14.99% in 2021. The number of individuals who chose not to state their religion fell from 8.66% in 2001, to 7.00% in 2021.

Hindu's were 4.07% of the population in 2001, and were 5.15% in 2021. The Jewish community were 2.09% in 2001, and 1.65% in 2021. Sikhs were 1.45% in 2001, and 1.64% in 2021. Other religions, including Buddhism, collectively accounted for small but fluctuating percentages, with Buddhism specifically ranging from 0.76% in 2001, to 0.88% in 2021.

In 1850, there was an estimated 20,000 Jews in London. By 1883 there was around 46,000 Jews in London.

These changes are influenced by factors including immigration, generational attitudes, and broader social trends.

Religion	1950 estimates	1960 estimates	1975 estimates	1984 estimates	1995 estimates	2001 census	2011 census	2021 census
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Christian	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4,176,175	58.23%	3,957,984	48.42%	3,577,681	40.66%
No religion	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,130,616	15.76%	1,694,372	20.73%	2,380,404	27.05%
Muslim	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	607,083	8.46%	1,012,823	12.39%	1,318,754	14.99%
Religion not stated	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	621,366	8.66%	692,739	8.47%	615,662	7.00%
Hindu	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	291,977	4.07%	411,291	5.03%	453,034	5.15%
Jewish	250,000	–	280,000	–	228,000	–	210,000	–	196,000	–	149,789	2.09%	148,602	1.82%	145,466	1.65%
Sikh	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	104,230	1.45%	126,134	1.54%	144,543	1.64%
Other religion	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	36,558	0.51%	47,970	0.59%	86,759	0.99%
Buddhist	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	54,297	0.76%	82,026	1.00%	77,425	0.88%
Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7,172,091	100%	8,173,941	100%	8,799,728	100%

Population pyramid of London by religion in 2021

• Population pyramids of each religious group in London • Christian • No religion • None stated • Muslim • Hindu • Buddhist • Sikh • Jewish • Other religion

Social issues

Abortion

In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in London.

• Abortion in London • The percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020 • Abortion rates by age group in London

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Sexual orientation	London (aged 16 and over)
2021
Number	%
Straight or Heterosexual	6,123,195	86.2%
Gay or Lesbian	158,760	2.2%
Bisexual	108,140	1.5%
All other sexual orientations	37,482	0.5%
Not answered	676,408	9.5%
Total	7,103,985	100%

Gender identity	London (aged 16 and over)
2021
Number	%
Gender identity the same as sex registered at birth	6,479,664	91.2
Gender identity different from sex registered at birth but no specific identity given	32,753	0.5%
Trans woman	11,266	0.2%
Trans man	11,480	0.2%
All other gender identities	8,862	0.1%
Not answered	559,960	7.9%
Total	7,103,985	100%

Health

Demographics of London

In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people. For males it was 9.9 and for females it was 3.4.

• Variety of health issues in graphs • Suicide rates in London • Drug misuse rate in London • Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London • Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020

Disability

Disability status	London
1991 (long term illness)	2001 (limiting long term illness)	2011	2021
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Disabled (under the Equality Act)	742,870	10.7%	1,111,284	15.5%	1,157,16	14.1%	1,164,456	13.2%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a little	–	–	–	–	605,501	7.4%	658,547	7.5%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a lot	–	–	–	–	551,664	6.7%	505,909	5.7%
Not disabled (under the Equality Act)	–	–	–	–	7,016,776	85.8%	7,635,272	86.8%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: No long term physical or mental health conditions	–	–	–	–	7,016,776	85.8%	7,175,718	81.5%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: Has long term physical or mental health condition but day-to-day activities are not limited	–	–	–	–	–	–	459,554	5.2%
Total	6,887,280	100%	7,172,091	100%	8,173,941	100%	8,799,728	100%

Income and industry

Demographics of London

In 2022, the vast majority of people within London worked in the service sector.

• Income and industry of London in images • Employment rate in London • Unemployment rate in London • Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020 • Employment in public or private sector in London

Industry

London's employment sectors over time

Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.

Distance to travel to work	2001	2011	2021
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Less than 2 km	475,102	14.3%	474,585	11.9%	331,191	7.6%
2 km to less than 5 km	659,230	19.9%	715,936	17.9%	484,894	11.1%
5 km to less than 10 km	803,143	24.2%	926,646	23.2%	533,671	12.2%
10 km to less than 20 km	686,960	20.7%	795,833	19.9%	409,530	9.4%
20 km to less than 30 km	128,560	3.9%	154,589	3.9%	79,897	1.8%
30 km to less than 40 km	32,812	1.0%	38,310	1.0%	23,145	0.5%
40 km to less than 60 km	25,001	0.8%	28,294	0.7%	15,808	0.4%
60 km and over	36,282	1.1%	52,083	1.3%	29,917	0.7%
Works mainly from home	285,935	8.6%	380,665	9.5%	1,836,823	42.1%
Works mainly at an offshore installation, in no fixed place, or outside the UK	186,109	5.6%	–	–	615,201	14.1%
Other	–	–	431,956	10.8%	–	–
Total	3,319,134	100%	3,998,897	100%	4,360,077	100%

Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.

National identity

Demographics of London

National identity makeup of London by single year ages in 2021

National identity	2011	2021
Number	%	Number	%
British only	2,526,808	30.9%	5,011,396	56.9%
English only	3,035,090	37.1%	717,894	8.2%
Welsh only	31,952	0.4%	19,167	0.2%
Scottish only	53,531	0.7%	29,943	0.3%
Northern Irish only	19,943	0.2%	13,917	0.2%
Any combination of UK only identities	–	–	14,484	0.2%
English and British only	444,115	5.4%	594,149	6.8%
Welsh and British only	7,081	0.1%	10,161	0.1%
Scottish and British only	11,344	0.1%	15,665	0.2%
Northern Irish and British only	2,530	0.0%	4,504	0.1%
Irish only	125,733	1.5%	99,780	1.1%
Irish and at least one UK identity	7,169	0.1%	16,941	0.2%
Other identity only	1,830,912	22.4%	1,878,830	21.4%
Other identity and at least one UK identity	191,771	2.3%	372,898	4.2%
Total	8,173,941	100%	8,799,729	100%

Note: The order of options for the census question on national identity was changed between 2011 and 2021. In 2011 "English only" was the first group listed whereas in 2021 "British only" was first instead.

• Population pyramids of identity groupings in 2021 • English only identity • English and British identity • British only identity • UK and non-UK identity • Non-UK only identity

Housing

Demographics of London

Tenure	Year
1961 census	1981 census	1991 census	2001 census	2011 census	2021 census
Households	%	Households	%	Households	%	Households	%	Households	%	Households	%
Owned	964,934	36.3%	1,217,525	48.6%	1,579,177	57.2%	1,704,719	56.5%	1,618,315	49.5%	1,601,042	46.8%
Owned: outright	–	–	–	–	491,232		665,061		689,898		710,052
Owned: with a mortgage or loan	–	–	–	–	1,087,945		1,010,629		886,309		838,494
Shared ownership	–	–	–	–	–	–	29,029		42,108		52,496
Privately renting	1,146,807	42.4%	415,247	16.6%	382,785		520,907		819,085		1,025,533	30%
Held due to employment	61,433		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lives rent free	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	42,780		6,356
Social renting	484,992	18.2%	872,449	34.8%	799,167	28.9%	790,371	26.2%	785,993	24.1%	790,958	23.1%
Total	2,658,166	100%	2,505,221	100%	2,761,129	100%	3,015,997	100%	3,266,173	100%	3,423,889	100%

Education

Level of qualification

Level of qualification	London (aged 16 and over, not in education)
2001	2011	2021
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
No qualifications	1,257,929	23.7%	1,152,517	17.6%	1,151,250	16.2%
Level 1 and entry level qualifications	689,228	13.0%	702,687	10.7%	545,269	7.7%
Level 2 qualifications	904,205	17.1%	775,928	11.8%	707,518	10.0%
Apprenticeship	–	–	107,665	1.6%	227,622	3.2%
Level 3 qualifications	518,624	9.8%	685,508	10.5%	937,875	13.2%
Level 4 qualifications or above	1,642,467	31.0%	2,470,225	37.7%	3,316,829	46.7%
Other qualifications	287,879	5.4%	654,643	10.0%	217,622	3.1%
Total	5,300,332	100%	6,549,173	100%	7,103,985	100%