2023 Polish parliamentary election

2023 Polish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 15 October 2023 to elect members of the Sejm and Senate. A referendum containing four questions concerning economic and immigration policy of the government was held simultaneously.

In the previous 2019 Polish parliamentary election, the ruling right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) had held onto its majority in the Sejm with Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki forming a second government. The PiS sought to win a third term which would be unprecedented in Polish history. The opposition, including the Civic Platform Party and others, secured a Senate majority. In the lead-up to the 2023 elections, opposition leader and former prime minister, Donald Tusk, led the Civic Coalition political alliance in opposition to the PiS.

The United Right alliance placed first for the third straight election and won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the Civic Coalition, Third Way, and The Left, achieved a combined total vote of 54%, managing to form a majority coalition government. In the Senate, the opposition electoral alliance Senate Pact 2023 won a plurality of the vote and a majority of seats. Voter turnout was 74.4%, the highest in contested elections and the highest since the fall of the communist Polish People's Republic, beating previous records set in 1989 and 2019.

Background

2019 Polish parliamentary election

The 2019 parliamentary election saw a record high turnout, with over 60% of registered electors participating. It also saw the centre-left, in the form of Lewica, entering the Sejm after four years on the outside looking in. Conversely, the far right united under the Konfederacja (Kon) banner to enter one of the two chambers of parliament for the first time since the 2005 elections.

Right-wing parties, coalesced around the ruling national-conservative Law and Justice (PiS) within the United Right (ZP) alliance, won the highest percentage of votes ever received since the complete return to democracy in (/wiki/1991Polishparliamentaryelection), maintaining their majority in the Sejm, but losing it in the Senate. The PiS party president, Jarosław Kaczyński, thus saw his position as the country's strongman strengthened, despite occupying no governmental position. This result saw the second reelection of a majority government since the fall of the Eastern Bloc. Despite not defeating PiS, the main opposition party, the liberal Civic Platform (PO), itself within the Civic Coalition (KO) alliance, progressed in the senate, though without winning a majority of seats on its own. The opposition altogether did win a majority of seats in the senate, thanks to Lewica, the Polish Coalition (PSL) and independent candidates' gains.

One month after the vote, the incumbent Prime Minister, Mateusz Morawiecki, formed his second government. Its composition showed the so-called "moderate" right strengthened, which Morawiecki was part of, alongside a weakening of the "radical" right, led by the Justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro. This strategy was mainly to appeal to the more moderate electorate for the 2020 Polish presidential election. Morawiecki's government received the Sejm's confidence on 19 November with 237 votes for, 214 against and three abstentions.

2020 presidential election

The 2020 presidential election saw the reelection of incumbent president Andrzej Duda, a former member of Law and Justice. Originally planned in May, the elections were very affected by the then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The government's proposal to maintain the election in May but only through postal votes launched a strong polemic, with the opposition denouncing the unequal campaigning capacities of the incumbent president compared to other candidates within the context of the lockdown and quarantine measures. The election was then postponed to late June following a compromise within the ruling coalition and the opposition's approval, partly thanks to the latter's control of the Senate.

Despite the pandemic, both rounds of voting saw higher turnouts, with Duda facing the Mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, a member of Civic Platform. Duda beat Trzaskowski, gathering 51% of the votes against the latter's 49%. These results were the most closely fought presidential elections since the return of democracy.

Duda's victory allows PiS take advantage from his presidential veto in case of an opposition victory in the legislative elections, with the opposition needing a three-fifths majority, which currently amounts to 276 seats, to override one.

2023 Polish protests

In May 2023, a law previously passed by the Sejm with the votes of the governing parties came into force, which provides for the establishment of a commission that can, without a court order, exclude politicians from public office for a period of ten years if, in their opinion, the politician was influenced by Russian interests. According to the law, the commission must examine whether this applies to Polish government politicians from 2007 (after PiS' defeat in the 2007 election). According to critics, the law could have been used as an instrument to prohibit selected opposition politicians from taking part in the parliamentary elections. Polish media therefore spoke of a "Lex Tusk" – a law aimed at the opposition leader and former prime minister Donald Tusk (2007–2014), who could have been excluded from the parliamentary elections in October 2023 as the potentially most promising opposition candidate. PiS party circles repeatedly accused Tusk of making Poland dependent on energy imports from Russia during his term as head of government. The law drew strong criticism from the United States and the European Union, which expressed concern that the law jeopardized freedom and fairness in elections in Poland. President Duda then softened the law by introducing an amendment to the Sejm on 2 June 2023, which deprived the proposed commission of the previously planned right to impose a ban on political activity.

On 4 June 2023 (the anniversary of the first partially free elections in Poland in 1989) according to organizers, citing the city administration, half a million people took part in a "Great March for Democracy" organized by Tusk's Civic Platform in Warsaw to protest against the law. There were also protests with tens of thousands of participants in other cities, including Krakow, Szczecin and Częstochowa. The demonstration in Warsaw was joined by numerous civil rights movements, the Civic Platform spoke of the largest demonstration in Poland's history since the fall of communism in 1989. The protest march through the center of Warsaw was also led by the former Polish President Lech Wałęsa.

Electoral system

2023 Polish parliamentary election

The President of Poland set the election day to be Sunday, 15 October 2023. This date was consistent with requirements posed in Article 98 Section 2 of the Polish Constitution, whereby the election is to take place within the final 30 days of the current term of Parliament (ending 11 November 2023). The vote ought to be held on a non-working day – a Sunday or a public holiday. Other possible dates included 22 October, 29 October, 1 November, 5 November and 11 November.

The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'Hondt method in multi-seat constituencies, with a 5% threshold for single party (KW) and citizen committees (KWW) and an 8% threshold for coalitions (KKW). National minority committees, such as the German minority, can apply to be exempt from the nationwide threshold, and in such case participate in the d'Hondt seat distribution within their constituency, in this specific case Opole, regardless of the national share of votes. Contrary to popular belief, minority committees are not guaranteed seats in the parliament.

The 100 Senate constituencies

Senators are elected by first-past-the-post method in 100 constituencies. Most of the opposition (Civic Coalition, New Left and Third Way) signed a so-called senate pact, under which the parties agreed to enter one commonly accepted candidate in each district. This strategy has previously granted them 51 seats despite losing the Sejm.

Lists

Electoral committees registered in all constituencies

List	Ideology	Political position	Leader(s)	Parliamentary leader(s)	2019 result	Seats before the election	Candidates
Votes (%)	Seats in Sejm	Sejm (list)	Senate (list)	Sejm	Senate
	1	BS	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy	Regionalism Localism	Centre-left	Robert Raczyński	N/A	0.8%	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	902	40
	2	TD	Third Way Trzecia Droga List	Centrism Christian democracy Liberalism	Centre to centre-right	Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Szymon Hołownia	Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Paulina Hennig-Kloska	8.6%	30 / 460	33 / 460	5 / 100	918	28
	3	NL	New Left Nowa Lewica List	Social democracy Progressivism	Centre-left to left-wing	Włodzimierz Czarzasty Robert Biedroń	Krzysztof Gawkowski Marcelina Zawisza	12.6%	49 / 460	45 / 460	1 / 100	912	14
	4	PiS	Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość List	National conservatism	Right-wing	Jarosław Kaczyński Mateusz Morawiecki (PM candidate)	Ryszard Terlecki	43.6%	235 / 460	235 / 460	46 / 100	918	96
	5	KON	Confederation Liberty and Independence Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość List	Right-wing populism Polish nationalism	Right-wing to far-right	Sławomir Mentzen Krzysztof Bosak	Krzysztof Bosak	6.8%	11 / 460	11 / 460	0 / 100	913	65
	6	KO	Civic Coalition Koalicja Obywatelska List	Liberalism	Big tent	Donald Tusk	Borys Budka	27.4%	134 / 460	129 / 460	41 / 100	919	49

Electoral committees registered in more than one constituency

List	Ideology	Political position	Leader	# of constituencies	Candidates
Sejm	Senate
	7	PJJ	There is One Poland Polska Jest Jedna	Right-wing populism Vaccine hesitancy	Far-right	Rafał Piech	39	579	4
	9	RDiP	Prosperity and Peace Movement Ruch Dobrobytu i Pokoju	Welfare nationalism Russophilia	Centre-left	Maciej Maciak	11	155	3
	10	NK	Normal Country Normalny Kraj	Anti-establishment Right-wing populism	Right-wing	Wiesław Lewicki	4	61	1

Electoral committees registered in a single constituency

List	Ideology	Political position	Leader	Parliamentary leader	2019 result	Current number of seats	Constituency	Candidates
Votes (%)	Seats in Sejm	Sejm (list)	Senate (list)	Sejm	Senate
	AP	Anti-party Antypartia	Anti-establishment Direct democracy	Centre	Marek Ciesielczyk	N/A	N/A	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	8 – Zielona Góra	16	0
	MN	German Minority Mniejszość Niemiecka	Minority interests Social market economy	Centre-left	Ryszard Galla	Ryszard Galla	0.2%	1 / 460	1 / 460	0 / 100	21 – Opole	24	1
	RNP	Repair Poland Movement Ruch Naprawy Polski	National conservatism Right-wing populism	Right-wing	Romuald Starosielec	N/A	N/A	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	18 – Siedlce	16	3

Electoral committees with candidates only for the Senate

<table><thead><tr><th>List</th><th>Ideology</th><th>Political position</th><th>Leader</th><th>Candidates</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>MP</td><td>Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP Mirosław Piasecki Kandydat na Senatora RP</td><td>Populism Single-winner voting</td><td>Centre-right</td><td>Mirosław Piasecki</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ND-T</td><td>New Democracy - Yes Nowa Demokracja – Tak</td><td>Economic progressivism Regionalism</td><td>Centre-left to left-wing</td><td>Marek Materek</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>PS'23</td><td>Senate Pact Independents Pakt Senacki 2023</td><td>Pro-Europeanism Localism</td><td>Big tent</td><td>N/A</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>PL 2050</td><td>Polska 2050</td><td>Social liberalism Pro-industry self-regulation</td><td>Centre-left</td><td>Włodzimierz Zydorczak</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Piraci</td><td>Polish Pirate Party Polska Partia Piratów</td><td>Pirate politics Freedom of information</td><td>Centre</td><td>Janusz Wdzięczak</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>PO</td><td>Civic Agreement Porozumienie Obywatelskie</td><td>Civic engagement</td><td>Centre</td><td>Andrzej Dyszewski Rafał Skiba</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ŚR</td><td>Silesians Together Ślonzoki Razem</td><td>Localism Silesian autonomism</td><td>Centre-left</td><td>Leon Swaczyna</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>WiS</td><td>Free and Solidary Wolni i Solidarni</td><td>Solidarism Conservatism</td><td>Right-wing</td><td>Jan Miller</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>W</td><td>Wolnościowcy</td><td>Libertarianism Minarchism</td><td>Right-wing</td><td>Artur Dziambor</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Z</td><td>United Zjednoczeni</td><td>Solidarism Economic nationalism</td><td>Left-wing</td><td>Wojciech Kornowski</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ZChR</td><td>Union of Christian Families Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańskich Rodzin</td><td>National conservatism Political Catholicism</td><td>Far-right</td><td>Bogusław Rogalski</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ZS</td><td>Slavic Union Związek Słowiański</td><td>Agrarianism Economic nationalism</td><td>Left-wing</td><td>Włodzimierz Rynkowski</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Other electoral committees with a single candidate</td><td>21</td></tr></tbody></table>

Electoral committees withdrawn before the election

Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike has registered electoral lists in 17 constituencies, however on 13 October 2023 the committee has announced its intention to withdraw from the race. The committee's candidates appeared on the ballot, although votes for them were counted as invalid.

<table><thead><tr><th>List</th><th>Ideology</th><th>Political position</th><th>Leader</th><th># of constituencies</th><th>Candidates</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sejm</td><td>Senate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8</td><td>PL!SP</td><td>Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike Polska Liberalna Strajk Przedsiębiorców</td><td>Libertarianism Populism</td><td>Centre-right</td><td>Paweł Tanajno</td><td>17</td><td>321</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Electoral committees

2023 Polish parliamentary election

Within the stipulated deadline for submitting electoral committees, 94 committees were applied for registration, of which 85 were registered: two coalitions, 40 political parties and 43 voters. 46 committees declared running for both the Sejm and the Senate, three only for the Sejm and 36 only for the Senate.

Campaign spending

2023 Polish parliamentary election

Candidate	Amount
Spent	Cost
	PiS	38,772,567	5.07
	KO	35,411,078	5.35
	TD	28,463,419	9.15
	Lewica	16,892,443	9.09
	KWiN	11,558,301	7.47
Source: TVN

Timeline

2023 Polish parliamentary election

With the President setting the election date to be 15 October 2023, the following schedule was approved by the National Electoral Commission (PKW):

Timeline of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election
Date	Event description
until 28 August
until 6 September at 16:00
until 11 September
until 15 September
until 25 September
until 2 October
until 5 October
Date	Event description
until 6 October
until 10 October
between 1 September and 12 October
between 30 September and 13 October
On 13 October at 24:00	.
On 15 October

Results

Sejm

PiS remained the largest party in the Sejm, but with about 35% of the vote, lost its majority and was unable to form a government. The three main opposition groups, Civic Coalition, Third Way and New Left, took 54% of the votes, winning enough seats to allow them to take power. According to the final vote count by the National Electoral Commission, Law and Justice won 194 seats, the Civic Coalition 157, the Third Way 65, The Left 26, and the Confederation Liberty and Independence 18.

Although the German Minority Electoral Committee did win 5.37% of the vote in the Opole region in this election, they came 6th instead of the expected 5th place, falling 5,372 votes short. The Opole Voivodeship represents a total of 12 Sejm seats, and as the 5th place was taken by the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence, the last 12th seat, which had previously been won by German Minority, went to them instead. As a result, the German Minority Electoral Committee failed to win any parliamentary seat for the first time in 32 years.

Results of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election by powiats

Results of Sejm elections 1991–2023

Party	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	United Right	7,640,854	35.38	194	−41
	Civic Coalition	6,629,402	30.70	157	+23
	Third Way	3,110,670	14.40	65	+35
	The Left	1,859,018	8.61	26	−23
	Confederation Liberty and Independence	1,547,364	7.16	18	+7
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	401,054	1.86	0	0
	There is One Poland	351,099	1.63	0	New
	German Minority	25,778	0.12	0	−1
	Prosperity and Peace Movement	24,850	0.12	0	New
	Normal Country	4,606	0.02	0	New
	Anti-party	1,156	0.01	0	New
	Repair Poland Movement	823	0.00	0	New
Total	21,596,674	100.00	460	0
Valid votes	21,596,674	98.31
Invalid/blank votes	370,217	1.69
Total votes	21,966,891	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	29,532,595	74.38
Source: National Electoral Commission,

Party breakdown

<table><thead><tr><th>Party or alliance</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>United Right</td><td></td><td>Law and Justice</td><td>6,286,250</td><td>29.11</td><td>157</td><td>−30</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sovereign Poland</td><td>465,024</td><td>2.15</td><td>18</td><td>+8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Republicans</td><td>99,373</td><td>0.46</td><td>4</td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Kukiz'15</td><td>74,959</td><td>0.35</td><td>2</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>715,248</td><td>3.31</td><td>13</td><td>−8</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>7,640,854</td><td>35.38</td><td>194</td><td>−41</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Civic Coalition</td><td></td><td>Civic Platform</td><td>4,992,932</td><td>23.12</td><td>122</td><td>+20</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Modern</td><td>375,776</td><td>1.74</td><td>6</td><td>−2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish Initiative</td><td>252,021</td><td>1.17</td><td>3</td><td>+1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Greens</td><td>67,203</td><td>0.31</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>AGROunia</td><td>53,571</td><td>0.25</td><td>1</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Good Movement</td><td>8,254</td><td>0.04</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>879,645</td><td>4.07</td><td>22</td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>6,629,402</td><td>30.70</td><td>157</td><td>+23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Third Way</td><td></td><td>Poland 2050</td><td>1,561,542</td><td>7.23</td><td>33</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish People's Party</td><td>1,189,629</td><td>5.51</td><td>28</td><td>+9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Centre for Poland</td><td>70,117</td><td>0.32</td><td>3</td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Union of European Democrats</td><td>21,056</td><td>0.10</td><td>0</td><td>−1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents and others</td><td>268,326</td><td>1.24</td><td>1</td><td>−9</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>3,110,670</td><td>14.40</td><td>65</td><td>+35</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Left</td><td></td><td>New Left</td><td>1,199,503</td><td>5.55</td><td>19</td><td>−19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Left Together</td><td>453,730</td><td>2.10</td><td>7</td><td>+1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents and others</td><td>205,785</td><td>0.95</td><td>0</td><td>−5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>1,859,018</td><td>8.61</td><td>26</td><td>−23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Confederation</td><td></td><td>New Hope</td><td>551,901</td><td>2.56</td><td>6</td><td>+1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Confederation</td><td>341,188</td><td>1.58</td><td>7</td><td>+7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>National Movement</td><td>199,149</td><td>0.92</td><td>0</td><td>−5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Confederation of the Polish Crown</td><td>182,573</td><td>0.85</td><td>2</td><td>+1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents and others</td><td>272,553</td><td>1.26</td><td>3</td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>1,547,364</td><td>7.16</td><td>18</td><td>+7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Nonpartisan Local Government Activists</td><td>401,054</td><td>1.86</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>There is One Poland</td><td>351,099</td><td>1.63</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German Minority</td><td>25,778</td><td>0.12</td><td>0</td><td>−1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Prosperity and Peace Movement</td><td>24,850</td><td>0.12</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Normal Country</td><td>4,606</td><td>0.02</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Anti-party</td><td>1,156</td><td>0.01</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Repair Poland Movement</td><td>823</td><td>0.00</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>21,596,674</td><td>100.00</td><td>460</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Valid votes</td><td>21,596,674</td><td>98.31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Invalid/blank votes</td><td>370,217</td><td>1.69</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total votes</td><td>21,966,891</td><td>100.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Registered voters/turnout</td><td>29,532,595</td><td>74.38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source: National Electoral Commission,</td></tr></tbody></table>

By constituency

Constituency	Law and Justice	Civic Coalition	Third Way	The Left	Confederation	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	There is One Poland	Others
%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats
1 – Legnica	34.80	5	33.78	5	10.75	1	9.51	1	6.33	0	3.34	0	1.49	0	–	–
2 – Wałbrzych	33.34	3	37.17	4	12.13	1	7.98	0	6.02	0	1.80	0	1.57	0	–	–
3 – Wrocław	26.66	4	36.94	6	13.74	2	11.35	1	6.98	1	2.89	0	1.44	0	–	–
4 – Bydgoszcz	30.45	4	35.01	5	15.06	2	9.92	1	6.42	0	1.67	0	1.47	0	–	–
5 – Toruń	34.06	5	29.52	4	15.68	2	11.25	1	6.37	1	1.44	0	1.25	0	0.42	0
6 – Lublin	45.48	8	20.32	3	15.87	2	5.72	1	8.38	1	1.60	0	2.30	0	0.35	0
7 – Chełm	50.75	7	17.40	2	13.04	2	5.62	0	7.79	1	2.08	0	2.83	0	0.48	0
8 – Zielona Góra	27.76	4	37.73	5	15.07	2	9.27	1	6.51	0	2.31	0	1.12	0	0.22	0
9 – Łódź	26.82	3	41.07	5	11.89	1	12.22	1	5.57	0	1.23	0	1.20	0	–	–
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	46.60	6	21.69	2	13.73	1	6.39	0	7.62	0	2.17	0	1.38	0	0.43	0
11 – Sieradz	41.46	6	25.89	3	14.50	2	7.73	1	6.82	0	1.62	0	1.45	0	0.52	0
12 – Kraków I	42.86	5	24.24	2	14.97	1	6.04	0	7.88	0	1.78	0	2.22	0	–	–
13 – Kraków II	30.68	5	30.73	5	16.86	2	11.04	1	7.71	1	1.51	0	1.47	0	–	–
14 – Nowy Sącz	53.73	6	16.10	2	11.58	1	3.18	0	8.73	1	2.49	0	4.18	0	–	–
15 – Tarnów	48.67	5	17.02	2	18.64	2	4.00	0	7.99	0	1.38	0	2.30	0	–	–
16 – Płock	44.11	5	22.40	3	17.07	2	6.52	0	6.52	0	2.03	0	1.35	0	–	–
17 – Radom	48.68	6	20.96	2	13.98	1	5.34	0	7.31	0	1.71	0	1.53	0	0.50	0
18 – Siedlce	48.62	7	18.71	2	15.51	2	4.85	0	8.21	1	1.86	0	1.90	0	0.35	0
19 – Warsaw I	20.14	4	43.23	9	13.25	3	13.45	3	6.24	1	1.37	0	1.32	0	–	–
20 – Warsaw II	31.74	4	35.23	4	15.06	2	7.06	1	7.06	1	2.27	0	1.59	0	–	–
21 – Opole	31.26	4	33.59	5	12.74	1	7.24	1	6.49	1	1.57	0	1.74	0	5.37	0
22 – Krosno	54.70	7	15.85	2	13.79	1	4.47	0	8.62	1	2.07	0	–	–	0.50	0
23 – Rzeszów	51.60	9	17.70	3	12.42	2	4.87	0	9.48	1	1.53	0	2.40	0	–	–
24 – Białystok	42.39	7	20.84	3	18.86	3	4.84	0	9.79	1	1.16	0	1.64	0	0.47	0
25 – Gdańsk	25.20	3	41.70	6	14.70	2	9.41	1	6.23	0	1.44	0	1.32	0	–	–
26 – Słupsk	29.24	4	37.91	6	13.59	2	8.33	1	7.21	1	1.62	0	2.10	0	–	–
27 – Bielsko-Biała I	36.71	4	28.67	3	14.55	1	7.77	0	7.84	1	1.73	0	2.46	0	0.28	0
28 – Częstochowa	36.35	3	29.11	3	14.72	1	9.41	0	6.56	0	2.09	0	1.74	0	–	–
29 – Katowice I	30.16	3	36.06	4	13.34	1	9.21	1	6.95	0	1.90	0	2.38	0	–	–
30 – Bielsko-Biała II	38.06	4	29.98	3	12.45	1	6.84	0	8.00	1	2.27	0	2.40	0	–	–
31 – Katowice II	30.88	4	36.79	5	13.27	1	8.46	1	6.70	1	1.80	0	2.10	0	–	–
32 – Katowice III	29.74	3	30.30	3	9.85	1	21.60	2	5.69	0	1.45	0	1.37	0	–	–
33 – Kielce	47.07	8	20.93	4	13.80	2	6.83	1	6.55	1	2.88	0	1.38	0	0.55	0
34 – Elbląg	35.20	4	31.87	3	15.40	1	8.11	0	6.54	0	1.44	0	1.12	0	0.33	0
35 – Olsztyn	32.33	4	33.07	4	16.11	1	8.09	1	6.93	0	1.98	0	1.48	0	–	–
36 – Kalisz	35.85	5	28.85	4	16.16	2	8.52	1	6.98	0	2.39	0	1.52	0	–	–
37 – Konin	38.69	4	23.99	2	16.63	2	9.48	1	6.97	0	2.35	0	1.38	0	0.51	0
38 – Piła	29.11	3	34.87	4	17.66	2	7.84	0	6.87	0	1.91	0	1.74	0	–	–
39 – Poznań	19.57	2	44.09	5	16.54	2	12.31	1	5.90	0	1.59	0	–	–	–	–
40 – Koszalin	31.36	3	38.69	4	12.35	1	8.72	0	6.02	0	1.63	0	1.24	0	–	–
41 – Szczecin	28.79	4	40.13	6	12.62	1	9.39	1	5.94	0	1.62	0	1.12	0	0.39	0
Poland	35.4	194	30.7	157	14.4	65	8.6	26	7.2	18	1.9	0	1.6	0	0.3	0

• Support for Law and Justice • Support of the Civic Coalition • Support for the Third Way • Support of the New Left • Support for the Confederation of Freedom and Independence

Senate

Largest electoral alliance in each Senate constituency

Winning party in each Senate constituency

Party or alliance	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Senate Pact 2023		Civic Coalition	6,187,295	28.91	41	−2
	Third Way	2,462,360	11.50	11	+8
	The Left	1,131,639	5.29	9	+7
	Independents	573,060	2.68	4	New
	Law and Justice	7,449,875	34.81	34	−14
	Confederation Liberty and Independence	1,443,836	6.75	0	0
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	1,049,919	4.91	0	0
	New Democracy - Yes	95,691	0.45	0	New
	Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP	58,102	0.27	0	0
	There is One Poland	55,418	0.26	0	New
	Union of Christian Families	51,206	0.24	0	New
	Silesians Together	50,274	0.23	0	0
	Free and Solidary	42,956	0.20	0	New
	Civic Agreement	41,592	0.19	0	New
	Polska 2050	30,763	0.14	0	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee	29,390	0.14	0	0
	Polish Pirate Party	27,286	0.13	0	New
	Slavic Union	25,802	0.12	0	0
	Prosperity and Peace Movement	20,672	0.10	0	New
	Repair Poland Movement	15,236	0.07	0	New
	United	13,422	0.06	0	New
	Wolnościowcy	4,053	0.02	0	New
	Normal Country	2,177	0.01	0	0
	Independents and other committees with a single candidate	540,974	2.53	1	−3
Total	21,402,998	100.00	100	0
Valid votes	21,402,998	97.53
Invalid/blank votes	541,886	2.47
Total votes	21,944,884	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	29,532,595	74.31
Source: National Electoral Commission

Party breakdown

<table><thead><tr><th>Party or alliance</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Civic Coalition</td><td></td><td>Civic Platform</td><td>5,107,360</td><td>23.86</td><td>36</td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>1,079,935</td><td>5.05</td><td>5</td><td>−4</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>6,187,295</td><td>28.91</td><td>41</td><td>−2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Third Way</td><td></td><td>Polish People's Party</td><td>1,282,952</td><td>5.99</td><td>4</td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Poland 2050</td><td>726,740</td><td>3.40</td><td>5</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Union of European Democrats</td><td>198,074</td><td>0.93</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Centre for Poland</td><td>177,158</td><td>0.83</td><td>1</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>77,436</td><td>0.36</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>2,462,360</td><td>11.50</td><td>11</td><td>+8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Left</td><td></td><td>New Left</td><td>659,650</td><td>3.08</td><td>5</td><td>+4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Left Together</td><td>294,150</td><td>1.37</td><td>2</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish Socialist Party</td><td>59,980</td><td>0.28</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Labour Union</td><td>55,372</td><td>0.26</td><td>1</td><td>+1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>62,487</td><td>0.29</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>1,131,639</td><td>5.29</td><td>9</td><td>+7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Senate Pact independents</td><td>573,060</td><td>2.68</td><td>4</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Senate Pact 2023 total</td><td>10,354,354</td><td>48.38</td><td>65</td><td>+17</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>United Right</td><td></td><td>Law and Justice</td><td>6,352,852</td><td>29.68</td><td>29</td><td>−9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sovereign Poland</td><td>131,649</td><td>0.62</td><td>1</td><td>−1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Republicans</td><td>64,020</td><td>0.30</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents</td><td>901,354</td><td>4.21</td><td>4</td><td>−2</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>7,449,875</td><td>34.81</td><td>34</td><td>−14</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Confederation Liberty and Independence</td><td>1,443,836</td><td>6.75</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Nonpartisan Local Government Activists</td><td>1,049,919</td><td>4.91</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>New Democracy - Yes</td><td>95,691</td><td>0.45</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP</td><td>58,102</td><td>0.27</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>There is One Poland</td><td>55,418</td><td>0.26</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Union of Christian Families</td><td>51,206</td><td>0.24</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Silesians Together</td><td>50,274</td><td>0.23</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Free and Solidary</td><td>42,956</td><td>0.20</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Civic Agreement</td><td>41,592</td><td>0.19</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polska 2050</td><td>30,763</td><td>0.14</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German Minority Electoral Committee</td><td>29,390</td><td>0.14</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish Pirate Party</td><td>27,286</td><td>0.13</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Slavic Union</td><td>25,802</td><td>0.12</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Prosperity and Peace Movement</td><td>20,672</td><td>0.10</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Repair Poland Movement</td><td>15,236</td><td>0.07</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>United</td><td>13,422</td><td>0.06</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Wolnościowcy</td><td>4,053</td><td>0.02</td><td>0</td><td>New</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Normal Country</td><td>2,177</td><td>0.01</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents and other committees with a single candidate</td><td>540,974</td><td>2.53</td><td>1</td><td>−3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>21,402,998</td><td>100.00</td><td>100</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Valid votes</td><td>21,402,998</td><td>97.53</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Invalid/blank votes</td><td>541,886</td><td>2.47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total votes</td><td>21,944,884</td><td>100.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Registered voters/turnout</td><td>29,532,595</td><td>74.31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source: National Electoral Commission</td></tr></tbody></table>

By constituency

#	Voivodeship	Commission	#	Result	Elected Member
1	Lower Silesian	Legnica	I		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Waldemar Witkowski
2	II		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Marcin Zawiła
3	III		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Małgorzata Sekuła-Szmajdzińska
4	Wałbrzych	I		Civic Coalition hold	Agnieszka Kołacz-Leszczyńska
5	II		Law and Justice hold	Aleksander Szwed
6	Wrocław	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski
7	II		Civic Coalition hold	Grzegorz Schetyna
8	III		Civic Coalition hold	Barbara Zdrojewska
9	Kuyavian-Pomeranian	Bydgoszcz	I		Civic Coalition hold	Andrzej Kobiak
10	II		Civic Coalition hold	Ryszard Brejza
11	Toruń	I		Civic Coalition hold	Tomasz Lenz
12	II		Third Way hold	Ryszard Bober
13	III		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Krzysztof Kukucki
14	Lublin	Lublin	I		Law and Justice hold	Stanisław Gogacz
15	II		Law and Justice hold	Grzegorz Czelej
16	III		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Jacek Trela
17	Chełm	I		Law and Justice hold	Grzegorz Bierecki
18	II		Independent gain from Law and Justice	Józef Zając
19	III		Law and Justice hold	Jerzy Chróścikowski
20	Lubusz	Zielona Góra	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Mirosław Różański
21	II		Civic Coalition hold	Władysław Komarnicki
22	III		Senate Pact independent hold	Wadim Tyszkiewicz
23	Łódź	Łódź	I		Civic Coalition hold	Artur Dunin
24	II		Senate Pact independent hold	Krzysztof Kwiatkowski
25	Sieradz	I		Law and Justice hold	Przemysław Błaszczyk
26	II		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Marcin Karpiński
27	III		Law and Justice hold	Michał Seweryński
28	Piotrków Trybunalski	I		Law and Justice hold	Wiesław Dobkowski
29	II		Law and Justice hold	Rafał Ambrozik
30	Lesser Poland	Kraków	I		Law and Justice hold	Andrzej Pająk
31	II		Law and Justice hold	Marek Pęk
32	III		Civic Coalition hold	Jerzy Fedorowicz
33	IV		Civic Coalition hold	Bogdan Klich
34	Tarnów	I		Law and Justice hold	Włodzimierz Bernacki
35	II		Law and Justice hold	Kazimierz Wiatr
36	Nowy Sącz	I		Law and Justice hold	Jan Hamerski
37	II		Law and Justice hold	Wiktor Durlak
38	Masovian	Płock	I		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Waldemar Pawlak
39	II		Law and Justice hold	Krzysztof Bieńkowski
40	Warszawa	I		Civic Coalition hold	Jolanta Hibner
41	II		Third Way hold	Michał Kamiński
42	III		Civic Coalition hold	Marek Borowski
43	IV		Civic Coalition hold	Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
44	V		Civic Coalition hold	Adam Bodnar
45	VI		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Magdalena Biejat
46	Siedlce	I		Law and Justice hold	Robert Mamątow
47	II		Law and Justice hold	Maciej Górski
48	III		Law and Justice hold	Waldemar Kraska
49	Radom	I		Law and Justice hold	Stanisław Karczewski
50	II		Law and Justice hold	Wojciech Skurkiewicz
51	Opole	Opole	I		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Tadeusz Jarmuziewicz
52	II		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Piotr Woźniak
53	III		Civic Coalition hold	Beniamin Godyla
54	Subcarpathian	Rzeszów	I		Law and Justice hold	Janina Sagatowska
55	II		Law and Justice hold	Zdzisław Pupa
56	III		Law and Justice hold	Józef Jodłowski
57	Krosno	I		Law and Justice hold	Alicja Zając
58	II		Law and Justice hold	Mieczysław Golba
59	Podlaskie	Białystok	I		Law and Justice hold	Marek Komorowski
60	II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Maciej Żywno
61	III		Law and Justice hold	Anna Bogucka-Skowrońska
62	Pomeranian	Słupsk	I		Civic Coalition hold	Kazimierz Kleina
63	II		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Anna Górska
64	III		Civic Coalition hold	Sławomir Rybicki
65	Gdańsk	I		Civic Coalition hold	Bogdan Borusewicz
66	II		Civic Coalition hold	Ryszard Świlski
67	III		Civic Coalition hold	Leszek Czarnobaj
68	Silesian	Częstochowa	I		Law and Justice hold	Ryszard Majer
69	II		The Left hold	Wojciech Konieczny
70	Katowice	I		Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition	Zygmunt Frankiewicz
71	II		Civic Coalition hold	Halina Bieda
72	Bielsko-Biała	I		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Henryk Siedlaczek
73	II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Piotr Masłowski
74	Katowice	III		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Gabriela Morawska-Stanecka
75	IV		Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition	Andrzej Dziuba
76	V		Civic Coalition hold	Beata Małecka-Libera
77	VI		Civic Coalition hold	Joanna Sekuła
78	Bielsko-Biała	III		Civic Coalition hold	Agnieszka Gorgoń-Komor
79	IV		Law and Justice hold	Andrzej Kalata
80	Katowice	VII		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Maciej Kopiec
81	Świętokrzyskie	Kielce	I		Law and Justice hold	Jacek Włosowicz
82	II		Law and Justice hold	Jarosław Rusiecki
83	III		Law and Justice hold	Krzysztof Słoń
84	Warmian-Masurian	Elbląg	I		Civic Coalition hold	Jerzy Wcisła
85	II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Gustaw Marek Brzezin
86	Olsztyn	I		Civic Coalition gain from Independent	Ewa Kaliszuk
87	II		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Jolanta Piotrowska
88	Greater Poland	Piła	I		Civic Coalition hold	Adam Szejnfeld
89	II		Third Way hold	Jan Filip Libicki
90	Poznań	I		Civic Coalition hold	Waldy Dzikowski
91	II		Civic Coalition hold	Rafał Grupiński
92	Konin	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Grzegorz Fedorowicz
93	II		Law and Justice hold	Leszek Galemba
94	Kalisz	I		Civic Coalition hold	Wojciech Ziemniak
95	II		Civic Coalition hold	Ewa Matecka
96	III		Civic Coalition hold	Janusz Pęcherz
97	West Pomeranian	Szczecin	I		Civic Coalition hold	Tomasz Grodzki
98	II		Civic Coalition hold	Magdalena Kochan
99	Koszalin	I		Civic Coalition hold	Janusz Gromek
100	II		Civic Coalition gain from Independent	Stanisław Gawłowski
Source: National Electoral Commission

Electorate demographics

2023 Polish parliamentary election

<table><thead><tr><th>Demographic</th><th>Turnout</th><th>Law and Justice</th><th>Civic Coalition</th><th>Third Way</th><th>The Left</th><th>Confederation</th><th>Nonpartisan Local Government Activists</th><th>There is One Poland</th><th>Others</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Total vote</td><td>73.9%</td><td>36.1%</td><td>31.0%</td><td>14.0%</td><td>8.6%</td><td>6.8%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>1.3%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Sex</td></tr><tr><td>Men</td><td>73.1%</td><td>36.3%</td><td>29.4%</td><td>13.9%</td><td>6.8%</td><td>10.2%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Women</td><td>74.7%</td><td>35.9%</td><td>32.5%</td><td>14.1%</td><td>10.1%</td><td>3.7%</td><td>2.1%</td><td>1.4%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Age</td></tr><tr><td>18–29 years old</td><td>70.9%</td><td>14.4%</td><td>27.6%</td><td>17.9%</td><td>17.4%</td><td>17.8%</td><td>3.5%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>30–39 years old</td><td>73.9%</td><td>25.7%</td><td>28.8%</td><td>18.3%</td><td>10.4%</td><td>11.8%</td><td>3.0%</td><td>1.7%</td><td>0.3%</td></tr><tr><td>40–49 years old</td><td>80.5%</td><td>31.6%</td><td>34.5%</td><td>16.5%</td><td>8.1%</td><td>5.2%</td><td>2.2%</td><td>1.7%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>50–59 years old</td><td>84.4%</td><td>43.7%</td><td>32.3%</td><td>12.9%</td><td>5.1%</td><td>3.2%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>60 or older</td><td>66.5%</td><td>52.8%</td><td>31.0%</td><td>8.2%</td><td>5.2%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Occupation</td></tr><tr><td>Company owner</td><td>n/a</td><td>20.3%</td><td>42.2%</td><td>15.9%</td><td>7.4%</td><td>10.9%</td><td>1.6%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Manager/expert</td><td>n/a</td><td>18.4%</td><td>40.4%</td><td>19.2%</td><td>11.3%</td><td>7.3%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Admin/services</td><td>n/a</td><td>29.2%</td><td>31.6%</td><td>17.2%</td><td>10.7%</td><td>7.1%</td><td>2.5%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Farmer</td><td>n/a</td><td>66.6%</td><td>9.5%</td><td>11.5%</td><td>3.0%</td><td>5.3%</td><td>2.2%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Worker</td><td>n/a</td><td>49.6%</td><td>19.8%</td><td>11.1%</td><td>5.1%</td><td>9.6%</td><td>3.1%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Student</td><td>n/a</td><td>11.0%</td><td>31.0%</td><td>18.6%</td><td>21.6%</td><td>13.4%</td><td>3.1%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Unemployed</td><td>n/a</td><td>45.2%</td><td>21.4%</td><td>11.8%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>9.0%</td><td>3.1%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Retired</td><td>n/a</td><td>53.4%</td><td>30.6%</td><td>7.8%</td><td>5.5%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.7%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>n/a</td><td>34.7%</td><td>27.4%</td><td>15.8%</td><td>8.9%</td><td>8.5%</td><td>2.9%</td><td>1.6%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Agglomeration</td></tr><tr><td>Rural</td><td>70.3%</td><td>47.6%</td><td>21.2%</td><td>13.4%</td><td>5.9%</td><td>7.8%</td><td>2.4%</td><td>1.4%</td><td>0.3%</td></tr><tr><td><50,000 pop.</td><td>74.1%</td><td>33.7%</td><td>33.4%</td><td>14.7%</td><td>8.3%</td><td>6.5%</td><td>2.1%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>51,000 - 200,000 pop.</td><td>73.9%</td><td>29.7%</td><td>36.7%</td><td>13.8%</td><td>9.9%</td><td>6.4%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>201,000 – 500,000 pop.</td><td>82.6%</td><td>23.9%</td><td>41.4%</td><td>15.8%</td><td>10.7%</td><td>5.4%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>>500,000 pop.</td><td>81.2%</td><td>21.1%</td><td>42.9%</td><td>14.0%</td><td>14.5%</td><td>5.5%</td><td>1.3%</td><td>0.7%</td><td>0.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Education</td></tr><tr><td>Elementary</td><td>n/a</td><td>62.6%</td><td>15.4%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>4.7%</td><td>6.1%</td><td>2.5%</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Vocational</td><td>n/a</td><td>61.5%</td><td>18.1%</td><td>8.3%</td><td>4.2%</td><td>4.6%</td><td>2.1%</td><td>1.0%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary</td><td>n/a</td><td>37.7%</td><td>29.9%</td><td>13.0%</td><td>8.1%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>2.2%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Higher</td><td>n/a</td><td>22.2%</td><td>38.6%</td><td>17.8%</td><td>11.1%</td><td>6.8%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Sejm vote in 2019</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Law and Justice</td><td>n/a</td><td>87.7%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>3.5%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>2.8%</td><td>1.4%</td><td>1.4%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Civic Coalition</td><td>n/a</td><td>1.0%</td><td>73.6%</td><td>16.1%</td><td>7.2%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>0.7%</td><td>0.2%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The Left</td><td>n/a</td><td>2.3%</td><td>23.1%</td><td>14.1%</td><td>57.3%</td><td>1.0%</td><td>1.7%</td><td>0.4%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish Coalition</td><td>n/a</td><td>14.1%</td><td>14.1%</td><td>57.8%</td><td>7.0%</td><td>2.7%</td><td>3.3%</td><td>1.0%</td><td>0.0%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Confederation</td><td>n/a</td><td>6.8%</td><td>8.9%</td><td>11.1%</td><td>3.0%</td><td>63.3%</td><td>3.4%</td><td>3.1%</td><td>0.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Others</td><td>n/a</td><td>6.7%</td><td>19.0%</td><td>36.2%</td><td>17.8%</td><td>6.6%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>4.5%</td><td>1.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Didn't vote</td><td>n/a</td><td>14.7%</td><td>27.1%</td><td>18.7%</td><td>13.3%</td><td>19.8%</td><td>4.0%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Don't remember</td><td>n/a</td><td>20.9%</td><td>26.1%</td><td>24.6%</td><td>12.4%</td><td>8.8%</td><td>4.3%</td><td>2.3%</td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Second-round president vote in 2020</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Andrzej Duda</td><td>n/a</td><td>81.4%</td><td>2.7%</td><td>4.7%</td><td>1.5%</td><td>6.0%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Rafał Trzaskowski</td><td>n/a</td><td>1.4%</td><td>60.7%</td><td>19.8%</td><td>13.7%</td><td>2.8%</td><td>1.1%</td><td>0.3%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Didn't vote</td><td>n/a</td><td>14.7%</td><td>27.1%</td><td>18.7%</td><td>13.3%</td><td>19.8%</td><td>4.0%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Don't remember</td><td>n/a</td><td>20.9%</td><td>26.1%</td><td>24.6%</td><td>12.4%</td><td>8.8%</td><td>4.3%</td><td>2.3%</td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Source: Ipsos</td></tr></tbody></table>

Analysis

2023 Polish parliamentary election

Turnout was 74.7% among women and 73.1% among men, with both giving similar levels of support for the government and two leading opposition parties, Civic Coalition and Third Way. Analysts identified a "youthquake" in which voting by Poland's young voters had a disproportionate impact on the election outcome. Turnout for ages 18–29 reached 68.8%, compared to 46.4% in the previous elections of 2019; among these voters, support for the ruling party fell to 14.9% from 26.3% four years earlier.

Aftermath

2023 Polish parliamentary election

President Andrzej Duda later announced that he would hold consultations separately with every parliamentary party leader on 24 and 25 October. On 24 October, leaders of the Civic Coalition, the Polish People's Party, Poland 2050, and The Left stated they are ready to form a government with Donald Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. However, Duda had a maximum of 30 days to call parliament into session, especially if he wanted the ruling Law and Justice party to try to build a government. Opposition parties had called on Duda to allow them to form a government as soon as possible and respect the will of the voters. Representatives of Duda stated that he would do so within the timeframe that the Constitution demands and allows.

On 6 November, Duda named Law and Justice's incumbent prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki as his prime ministerial nominee. This move was criticized by the opposition, as the United Right was 40 seats short of a majority and no other bloc had agreed to join them for coalition talks.

On 10 November, Civic Coalition, Poland 2050, Polish People's Party and New Left signed a coalition agreement with Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. The opposition parties wanted to sign the agreement before the Sejm's first sitting in order to show that they stood ready to govern. Morawiecki was required to secure the Sejm's confidence within two weeks of being sworn in. Under the Constitution, if Morawiecki failed to do so, the Sejm would then designate its own candidate for prime minister, and Duda would be required to appoint that candidate before 11 December. Most commentators expected Morawiecki to come up short of the support needed to govern, as no other party willing to go into coalition with PiS would give it enough support to command the confidence of the Sejm.

On 13 November, the newly elected Sejm held its first session. Szymon Hołownia, leader of Poland 2050, was elected Marshal of the Sejm, winning over the incumbent Elżbieta Witek of PiS. Later that day, on the first meeting of the Senate, former Marshal of the Sejm Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska of Civic Coalition was elected Marshal of the Senate.

On 27 November, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in by President Duda for an unprecedented third term as Prime Minister. His cabinet had been mockingly dubbed the "Two Weeks Government" by Polish media due to its low likelihood of passing the confidence vote. Though the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence had been suggested by commentators as a potential coalition partner, Krzysztof Bosak, leader of the Confederation component National Movement, told Politico Europe that "there is no chance" of Confederation supporting a PiS government. Even had Confederation supported PiS, the United Right would have still been well short of a majority in the Sejm. Former prime minister Leszek Miller joked that the Morawiecki government would not survive even as long as a house fly, saying on Twitter that "Morawiecki's government will not even have time to pupate, let alone lay eggs."

On 11 December, Morawiecki's caretaker cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm by 190 votes to 266. Later that day, the Sejm nominated Tusk for prime minister, who was subsequently confirmed by 248 votes in favour and 201 against. Tusk's cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.